Gerald J Tortora The Urinary System

Filtration of blood, excretion of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and maintenance of electrolyte balance.

To filter blood, remove waste, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.

It is a byproduct of protein metabolism excreted in urine.

It acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production.

Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, allowing water and small solutes to pass into the Bowman's capsule while retaining larger molecules.

To collect urine from the nephrons and channel it into the ureters.

They produce hormones like aldosterone that regulate water and electrolyte balance.

It reflects dietary habits and metabolic status, influencing the risk of kidney stones.

It regulates the excretion and reabsorption of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium.

By increasing filtration rate to excrete more fluid.

To store urine until it is excreted from the body.

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

They supply blood to the kidneys for filtration.

Urea, creatinine, and uric acid.

It increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output.

A sudden decrease in kidney function, often reversible if treated promptly.

A progressive loss of kidney function over time, often leading to kidney failure.

The process of urination, involving the contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the urethral sphincters.

A diagnostic test that analyzes urine composition to assess health and detect disorders.

Decreased kidney function, reduced bladder capacity, and increased risk of incontinence.

The process by which the nephron reabsorbs essential nutrients and water from the filtrate back into the bloodstream.

The formation of kidney stones due to crystallization of minerals in urine.

The process of adding substances from the blood into the nephron tubule, aiding in waste removal.

They transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder through peristaltic movements.

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons.

It filters blood, consisting of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Osmotic pressure draws water into the blood, while hydrostatic pressure pushes water out of the blood.

The inability to control urination, leading to involuntary leakage of urine.

By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate as needed.

A hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys.

It creates a concentration gradient in the medulla, allowing for water reabsorption.

An infection in any part of the urinary system, often causing painful urination and increased urgency.

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

It removes waste products from the blood, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintains acid-base homeostasis.

Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) and external urethral sphincter (voluntary).

By controlling blood volume and releasing renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

They promote increased urine output by inhibiting water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Inflammation of the kidneys, which can impair their function.

Thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output, and dark-colored urine.

It may increase the workload on kidneys and exacerbate pre-existing kidney conditions.