anticodon
recognition and attachment (charging)
nonoverlapping
22
The equivalent of the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules to ADP and of two GTP molecules to GDP, or the hydrolysis of four high-energy phosphate bonds.
The resulting protein molecule may not be distinguishable from the normal one.
The protein molecule will not be capable of functioning normally.
The acceptor arm, located at the 3′-hydroxyl adenosyl terminal, is the site of attachment of the specific amino acid.
Initiation, Elongation, & Termination
The poly(A) tail stimulates recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA through a complex set of interactions.
The degeneracy of the genetic code resides mostly in the last nucleotide of the codon triplet, suggesting that the base pairing between this last nucleotide and the corresponding nucleotide of the anticodon is not strictly by the Watson-Crick rule.
It binds to the mRNA to form the 48S initiation complex
Attachment of the particulate polyribosomes
This is called wobble.
It consists of α, β, and γ subunits and is phosphorylated by various protein kinases under stress conditions to regulate protein synthesis
The presence of a purine (Pu) at positions −3 and a G at position +4.
It binds with high affinity to the 4G component of 4F and links this complex to the 40S ribosomal subunit
The rapid association of the 40S and 60S subunits to form the 80S ribosome.
It binds to the mRNA cap and facilitates the association of mRNA with the 43S preinitiation complex
EF1A forms a ternary complex with GTP and the entering aminoacyl-tRNA, allowing the correct aminoacyl-tRNA to enter the A site with the release of EF1A • GDP and phosphate.
Prevents ionized iron (Fe2+) from reaching toxic levels within cells
translation
genetic code
at least 20
The replacement of one amino acid by another with rather similar functional groups.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
As many as six amino acids per second.
degenerate, unambiguous, nonoverlapping, without punctuation, and universal
Recognizes that a stop codon resides in the A site and is bound by a complex consisting of releasing factor RF3 with bound GTP.
The premature termination of translation and the production of only a fragment of the intended protein molecule.
nonsense codons
An altered reading frame in the mRNA.
The 4F complex is responsible for recognition of the mRNA cap structure, a rate-limiting step in translation.
recognition of specific codons in the mRNA by the tRNA adapter molecules dependent upon the tRNA anticodon region and specific base pairing rules
Translation of the corresponding mRNA will generate a protein that is missing the corresponding number of amino acids.
The two types of single-base changes are transitions and transversions.
The reading frame is distorted upon translation, and the same effects that occur with deletions are reflected in the mRNA translation.
A missense effect will occur when a different amino acid is incorporated at the corresponding site in the protein molecule.
eIF-4E is responsible for recognition of the mRNA cap structure, a rate-limiting step in translation.
Over 35 distinct proteins
By disrupting the function of the 4F complex and promoting the dephosphorylation of BP1 (PHAS-1)
Small dense compartments that incorporate mRNAs as mRNPs
Insulin and other growth factors
P bodies are sites of translation repression and mRNA decay
4E-BP1 binds with high affinity to 4E, preventing 4E from binding to 4G and inhibiting translation initiation.
Elongation factors (EFs) catalyze several steps in elongation, including binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site, peptide bond formation, translocation of the ribosome, and expulsion of the deacylated tRNA.
Peptidyl transferase, a component of the 28S RNA of the 60S ribosomal subunit, catalyzes the reaction of peptide bond formation.
