What do the dashed lines in the figure indicate?
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The position of vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages before muscle contraction.
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What do the dashed lines in the figure indicate?
The position of vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages before muscle contraction.
What does the cricothyroid muscle influence?
Possible movements of the cartilages.
What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx control?
The movement of the vocal cords.
What type of section is shown in Fig. 1.5?
Coronal section of the larynx.
How does the superior laryngeal artery enter the larynx?
Through the thyrohyoid membrane.
What do the solid lines in the figure represent?
The position of vocal cords and arytenoid cartilage after muscle contraction.
Where does the cricoid cartilage lie in relation to the thyroid cartilage and trachea?
It lies between the thyroid cartilage and the trachea.
Where do the lateral drainage channels of the subglottic region drain?
Into the paratracheal nodes.
What type of epithelium lines the cavity of the larynx?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, except for the epiglottis and true vocal cords which are stratified squamous.
How does the position of the larynx change from birth to puberty?
At birth, the tip of the epiglottis is at the level of the first cervical vertebra; it descends until age 3, then little change occurs until puberty.
What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
They elevate or depress the larynx as a whole or affect its movement.
At what age does ossification of the thyroid cartilage usually begin?
Approximately 25 years of age.
What do the two small oval convex facets on the superior border of the cricoid lamina serve as?
Articular surfaces for the arytenoid cartilages.
What shape are the arytenoid cartilages?
Pyramidal-shaped structures.
Which nerve innervates the larynx?
The vagus nerve.
What muscles does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
All muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle.
What is the triangular membrane also known as?
Conus elasticus.
What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?
The thyroid cartilage.
What arteries supply blood to the larynx?
The carotid and subclavian arteries.
Which artery gives rise to the superior laryngeal artery?
The superior thyroid artery, a branch of the external carotid artery.
What muscles originate in the depressions of the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage?
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles.
What is the space between the false and true vocal cords called?
The ventricle.
What is the function of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage?
The vocal process projects anteriorly and gives attachment to the vocal ligament.
What connects the petiole of the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage?
The thyroepiglottic ligament.
Which cartilages do most intrinsic muscles attach to?
Arytenoid cartilage.
How many cartilages comprise the larynx?
Nine cartilages: three unpaired and three sets of paired cartilages.
What is unique about the interarytenoid muscle?
It is the only unpaired intrinsic muscle.
What is the structure of the arytenoid cartilage?
Each arytenoid cartilage has a base, three processes (vocal, muscular, and apex), and three surfaces (posterior, medial, and antero-lateral).
Where is the larynx located in adults?
In the anterior neck, connecting the hypopharynx and the trachea.
Where are the corniculate cartilages located?
On the apex of the arytenoid cartilages.
What are the components of the laryngeal framework?
Cartilages, muscles, membranes, and ligaments.
What is the angle of the thyroid cartilage prominence in adult males compared to females?
90 degrees in males and 120 degrees in females.
Where does the inferior thyroid artery enter the larynx?
At the inferior border of the inferior constrictor muscle.
What type of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage.
What is the subglottic or infraglottic space?
The space below the vocal cords extending to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
What type of cartilage primarily composes the arytenoid cartilage?
Mainly hyaline cartilage, with the apex being elastic cartilage.
What is Reinke’s space?
The space deep to the epithelium and superficial to the fibroelastic membrane.
What is the significance of the cricothyroid ligament?
It is where an emergency cricothyroidotomy may be performed.
What action does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle perform?
It causes adduction of the vocal cords by pulling the muscular process anteriorly.
What shape is the cricoid cartilage?
It is a complete ring, 'signet' in shape.
What is the vertical height of the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage?
2 to 3 cm.
What is notable about the lymphatic channels in the true vocal cord?
The true vocal cord appears to be almost devoid of lymphatic channels.
Between which cervical vertebrae does the adult larynx lie?
Between the third and sixth cervical vertebrae.
What is the relationship between the thyroid gland and the larynx?
The upper poles of the thyroid gland are closely related to the inferolateral part of the larynx.
What causes the characteristic 'Adam's apple' in males?
Growth of the thyroid cartilage, which causes the angle between the thyroid laminae to become more acute.
What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
It causes abduction of the vocal cords by pulling the muscular process posteriorly.
What bounds the superior laryngeal aperture?
The epiglottis anteriorly, aryepiglottic folds laterally, and interarytenoid notch posteriorly.
What is the drainage pattern for the lymphatics of the larynx?
It is either superior or inferior from the true vocal cords.
What are the vestibular folds?
Thick pads of mucosa covering the vestibular ligament, attached to the thyroid cartilage.
What is the rima glottidis?
The space between the vocal cords and vocal processes of the arytenoids.
What are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal and external branches.
What is the shape of the epiglottic cartilage?
It is a single leaf-shaped structure.
From which embryonic layers does the larynx develop?
From the endodermal lining and the mesoderm of the fourth to sixth branchial arches.
What is the origin of the cricothyroid muscle?
From the cricoid cartilage lateral to the median cricothyroid ligament.
Which nerve supplies the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Where does the supraglottic region drain?
To the superior group of deep cervical lymph nodes.
What happens to the cricoid cartilage with age?
It undergoes various amounts of ossification.
What is the role of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage?
It projects posterolaterally and gives attachment to the posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles.
What is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane?
It extends from the lower border of the hyoid bone to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage.
What nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
It alters the height of the vocal cord surfaces, causing relaxation and adduction.
What features are found on the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage?
A median vertical ridge with shallow depressions on each side.
What is the glottis?
The space between the vocal folds or cords.
What is the role of intrinsic musculature in the larynx?
It changes the position and tension of the vocal cords, altering the shape of the glottis.
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Infrahyoid or strap muscles including sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid.
What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis.
What regions is the cavity of the larynx divided into?
Vestibule, rima vestibulis, rima glottidis, ventricle, and infraglottic or subglottic space.
What node does the anterior drainage channel of the subglottic region terminate in?
The prelaryngeal or Delphian node.
Where do the arytenoid cartilages sit?
On the superior border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.
What covers the larynx?
Infrahyoid muscles, superficial cervical fascia, and skin.
What are the two groups of ligaments and membranes in the larynx?
Extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments and membranes.
What action does the cricothyroid muscle perform?
It increases the distance between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages, stretching and tensing the vocal cords.
What type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage made of?
Hyaline cartilage.
