Why does Aquinas believe resurrection of bodies is necessary?
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Because the life of the whole compound, soul, and body, is required for a person's survival.
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Why does Aquinas believe resurrection of bodies is necessary?
Because the life of the whole compound, soul, and body, is required for a person's survival.
What does Aristotle believe defines an individual's capacities and potentialities?
An individual's specific nature or essence.
How does postmodernism view the concept of the self?
As a dynamic and dispersed phenomenon, not a fixed entity.
What characterizes the aesthetic sphere according to Kierkegaard?
A focus on pleasure and immediate experience.
Who are two prominent thinkers associated with postmodernism?
Foucault and Derrida.
How did Aristotle view the concept of telos?
As a purpose determined by an individual's nature and potentialities.
What does the text suggest about the dualistic ontology in modernism and postmodernism?
It does not adequately reflect the diversity of human cultures.
What unique aspect did Augustine emphasize about human identity?
Every human being has a unique identity that is connected to others and God through reason and love.
What is the role of the soul according to St. Thomas Aquinas?
The soul is the form or principle of life for the body, giving it purpose and guiding its actions.
What approach does postmodernism often use to analyze texts and cultural artifacts?
A deconstructionist approach.
What are the three 'existence-spheres' introduced by Kierkegaard?
The aesthetic, the ethical, and the religious.
How did Heraclitus view the self?
As a part of a dynamic and ever-changing process.
How does Augustine distinguish human souls from other souls?
By their rationality; human souls are immaterial and can think of God.
What is the essential role of the human soul according to Aquinas?
To actualize a human body.
What did Plato believe about the true self?
Plato believed that the true self is a universal and eternal aspect of human nature.
Who are two key figures that influenced the medieval view of the self?
St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas.
What central questions does the philosophy of the self encompass?
Questions about human nature, personal identity, consciousness, and the nature of individuality.
What is the process of learning according to Plato in the dialogue Meno?
A process of 'recollection' of what the soul already knew before birth.
How did Aquinas view the human person?
As an integrated whole of a material body and a rational and spiritual soul.
What is the ultimate goal of human life according to Aristotle?
To achieve eudaimonia, or happiness, by fulfilling one's potentialities.
What does the ethical sphere emphasize?
Duty and responsibility.
What is Aristotle's view on the relationship between form and matter?
Aristotle believed that form and matter are two aspects of one thing, not separate entities.
What are the different levels of the soul according to Aristotle?
Nutritive, appetitive, locomotive, perceptive, and rational soul.
What did Aquinas argue about the human soul's incorruptibility?
He argued that the human soul is incorruptible and continues to exist after death.
What did St. Thomas Aquinas build upon in his understanding of the self?
He built upon Aristotle's and Augustine's ideas.
How does Kierkegaard's view of the self differ from Sartre's?
Kierkegaard emphasizes self-acceptance and the influence of external factors, while Sartre affirms complete autonomy and self-creation.
What aspect of non-Western societies does postmodernism fail to reflect?
The holistic and relational selfhood.
What principle did Augustine accept regarding the soul?
The Platonic principle that the soul is naturally immortal.
What did St. Thomas Aquinas build upon in his understanding of the self?
He built upon Aristotle's and Augustine's ideas to develop a more rational understanding of the self.
How does Aristotle view the separation of soul and body?
He believed they are two aspects of one thing, but can be conceptually separated.
What characteristics does Plato assign to the soul?
Simple, immaterial, unchanging, indivisible, and immortal.
What distinguishes human souls from animal souls according to Aquinas?
Human souls can exist apart from their bodies, while animal souls cannot.
What is a significant limitation of postmodernism according to the text?
It remains a Eurocentric discourse that universalizes Western experiences and values.
What was Aristotle's criticism of Plato's theory of Forms?
Aristotle believed that form is an essential aspect of reality and not a separate entity from matter.
What belief did Pythagoras and his followers hold about the self?
They believed in the reincarnation of souls, implying the self is not bound to a specific body or identity.
According to Plato, what is the relationship between the self and the body?
The self is identified with the soul, which is immortal, not with the body or material world.
How has the concept of the self transformed over time?
From the ancient notion of a non-physical soul to the modern idea of a coherent self.
What is the basis of Aquinas' theory of human psychology?
Aristotle's De Anima.
What foundation did Medieval thinkers lay for modern philosophy?
The exploration of the self or soul as immortal and spiritual.
What did Augustine believe about the soul?
He believed the soul is a creation of God and a rational being that can control the body.
What does Kierkegaard argue about achieving an authentic self?
It cannot be achieved through the aesthetic life alone; one must take responsibility for their choices.
What does authenticity mean in the context of existentialism?
Being true to oneself and one's values, rather than conforming to external expectations.
What are the non-rational parts of the soul mentioned by Plato?
Spirit (emotion) and appetite (physical desire).
What does Aquinas argue about the incorruptibility of the human soul?
The soul is incorruptible and continues to exist after death.
What does postmodernism assume about truth and knowledge?
That there is no objective truth or reality, and all knowledge is contingent and relative.
How did Augustine describe the excellence of the soul?
As its ability to reach God through reason and contemplation.
What does existentialism say about the self?
The self is a product of one's agency and freedom, created through individual choice and action.
What is a key characteristic of postmodernism?
Skepticism towards grand narratives and a rejection of objective truth.
What is Plato's view on the soul?
The soul of man is immortal and imperishable.
What does postmodernism critique about modernity?
Its oppressive rationality and disregard for tradition.
What philosophical period is referred to as 'medieval philosophy'?
The thought that emerged in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
What is St. Augustine's view on the composition of the self?
The self is composed of both the body and soul, with the soul being the source of life.
What are some philosophical traditions covered in the lesson?
Ancient Greece, Medieval Philosophy, Enlightenment philosophy, Existentialism, and Postmodernism.
How did Aquinas distinguish between human souls and animal souls?
He claimed that human souls can exist apart from their bodies, while animal souls cannot.
How does Plato differentiate between true self and individuality?
True self makes us human, while individuality makes us unique.
How does Aristotle define form?
Form is the organization or structure of matter that gives it specific properties and characteristics.
What is Plato's theory of Forms?
It holds that the material world is a shadow of the real world of eternal and unchanging Forms.
What did Plato argue about the soul in the Phaedo?
That the soul is rational and immortal, while the body is irrational and mortal.
What did the Presocratics lack regarding the concept of the self?
A single concept; they had different perspectives reflecting their metaphysical views.
What was Parmenides' perspective on the self?
He saw the self as an aspect of a static and eternal being.
What philosophical tradition influenced St. Augustine's understanding of the self?
Neo-Platonism.
What has the question of self and personal identity historically aimed to overcome?
The fear of death.
What are some key questions ancient Greeks explored about the self?
Essence, rationality, immortality, individuality, self-knowledge, interaction, and achieving happiness and virtue.
What is involved in the religious sphere?
A personal relationship with God and a recognition of the infinite.
How does Aristotle conceptualize the human soul?
The soul is the form of the body and a set of capacities that a living thing has.
What distinguishes the rational soul in Aristotle's view?
The rational soul is peculiar to humans and responsible for reasoning and abstract thinking.
What is the 'affinity argument' in Plato's philosophy?
It draws a parallel between the non-physical soul and Plato's Forms, suggesting the soul is eternal and cannot be destroyed.
How did Augustine's conception of the self evolve?
From a Platonic to a Christian understanding.
What does Aristotle say about the matter that makes up a living being?
It existed before life and will remain after death, needing a specific kind of matter to exist.
Why did Aquinas believe in the resurrection of bodies?
Because the life of the whole compound, soul, and body is required for a person's survival.
What does the lesson overview focus on regarding the self?
Different perspectives on the essence, origin, and role of the self in Western philosophy.
