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Linear or radial patterns.

Obligatory points determine the highway alignment and are divided into positive and negative points.

Planning, design, and construction of airports for safe and efficient air transportation.

Securing regulatory approvals.

Cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles.

To directly connect cities to National Primary Roads, major ports, airports, and tourist service centers.

Grid patterns.

Flexibility, accessibility, cost-effectiveness for short distances, speed, convenience, and versatility.

To facilitate the movement of vehicles.

SESEC (Safe, Easy, Short, Economical, Comfort).

Jobs in construction, maintenance, logistics, and operations.

Pavements, bridges, tunnels, and interchanges.

It should align according to the traffic amount and flow pattern.

To reduce construction costs.

It determines the layout and expansion of cities.

Cities not included in the category of major cities.

Design and construction of rail systems for trains.

It often increases property values and attracts investments.

Road transport.

Distances, elevations, angles, soil properties, drainage patterns, and environmental impact.

It leads to monotonous driving.

To manage the flow of vehicles on roadways for smooth and safe transportation.

By reducing travel time and stress.

To compare different proposals in view of the requirement of good alignment.

Providing efficient, accessible, and flexible mobility for individuals and businesses.

It often increases property values and attracts investments.

To divert through traffic away from city/municipality business centers.

A street located outside the Población area of a municipality or urban area.

Cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles.

Traffic patterns.

They are crucial for timely emergency response and disaster management.

Precise measurements of terrain and detailed soil investigations.

It offers the ability to reach almost any destination with a road network, allowing for versatile routes and timings.

Data-driven approaches to design and implement traffic control measures.

By integrating radial roads with a grid of intersecting streets.

A grid pattern featuring streets that intersect at right angles, creating rectangular or square blocks.

Thorough planning and engineering to ensure safe and efficient travel.

To gather information on geological features, soil conditions, and drainage requirements.

The design, construction, and maintenance of roads and highways to ensure safe and efficient transportation.

A state-owned railway company operating inter-city and commuter train services primarily on Luzon.

Flexibility, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and versatility.

National Road, National Primary Roads, National Secondary Roads, National Tertiary Roads.

LRT-1 and LRT-2.

Design and maintenance of ports, harbors, and related infrastructure for maritime transportation.

Direct door-to-door service without the need for transfers or additional handling.

Topographical features, soil conditions, environmental impacts, and community considerations.

Designing and constructing road systems to efficiently accommodate vehicular traffic.

Requires careful coordination of traffic flow and intersections.

Enabling the efficient movement of people, goods, and services through a diverse network of infrastructure and modes.

A branch of civil engineering that involves the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of transportation systems.

They facilitate the movement of goods and services, boosting trade and commerce.

It performs a local function under DPWH.

The alignment must ensure safety during construction, operation, and maintenance, especially in areas with slopes, embankments, and cuttings.

Provincial Road.

To collect necessary physical information and details of topography, drainage, and soil.

A small bend.

The detailed design and construction plans of the highway.

Multiple lanes for high vehicle volumes.

To examine existing maps and aerial photographs for an overview of the terrain and significant features.

Valleys, ponds, marshy land, and religious places.

From Recto to Santolan.

San Jose Rizal Road or Bongabon - Rizal Road.

Road resurfacing, pothole repair, and bridge inspections.

They determine how traffic flows through a network.

They help reduce the frequency and severity of accidents.

Detailed surveys to gather comprehensive information for final design.

From Manila to the Bicol region in southern Luzon.

Construction materials should be readily available, and the alignment should allow for easy vehicle operation with gentle gradients and curves.

City Road.

To reduce construction costs.

To engage the community and address their concerns in the decision-making process.

A geologically stable hill slope.

To serve as the main highway trunk line system that is continuous in extent.

Excessive cutting and filling.

Conducting a traverse from the starting point to the endpoint by establishing control points.

It allows for relatively fast and convenient travel, especially in areas with well-maintained infrastructure.

Promoting public transportation, cycling, and walking.

Road transportation, including cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles.

All natural and man-made features along the traverse and within a specified width on either side.

They affect road design based on function, traffic volume, and design criteria.

It attracts tourists, fostering cultural exchange and boosting local economies.

To verify findings from the map study and assess the feasibility of proposed routes.

A thick mixture of sand and gravel using asphalt as a binder.

Automated signaling, barriers at crossings, and fencing.

Needs Assessment, involving traffic studies and stakeholder consultations.

Developing preliminary designs, detailed engineering designs, and land acquisition.

To regulate train movements and enhance operational safety.

They design stations to provide comfortable and accessible facilities for passengers while maintaining operational efficiency.

Streets radiating out from a central point, connected by concentric circular roads.

They connect major ports and ferry terminals to National Primary Roads.

Facilitates direct access to the central area and helps distribute traffic.

The system and process of moving people, goods, and services using various modes.

It determines the layout and expansion of cities.

Walking and cycling.

Conventional Approach and Modern Rapid Approach.

Traffic signals, signs, and road markings.

Radius of curve, sight distance, and gradient.

A system that classifies roads into National Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Roads.

Highways with limited access, often including toll facilities.

They connect provincial capitals within the same region.

Hiring contractors and ensuring adherence to design specifications, budget, and timeline.

Makes efficient use of space and reduces travel distances.

Civil, mechanical, industrial, and electrical engineering.

North-South Commuter Railway (NSCR), Mindanao Railway Project, and expansion of existing LRT and MRT lines.

Generally higher initial cost per mile.

Obstacles, soil conditions, water bodies, and existing infrastructure.

Valleys, ponds, lakes, and other features.

Selecting the best alignment based on data from the preliminary survey.

Guardrails, crash barriers, and speed limits.

Points through which the alignment should pass, such as existing roads, intermediate towns, bridge sites, and mountains.

20-40 years.

Heavy Traffic Load, Medium Traffic Load, Light Traffic Load.

It can be more expensive to build and maintain, and may be confusing for navigation.

A contiguous length of significant road sections connecting major cities with a population of at least 100,000.

The alignment should be cost-effective during construction, operation, and maintenance, balancing costs with gradients and curves.

Maharlika Highway.

Passenger trains and freight trains.

Simplifies navigation, allows for efficient land use, and facilitates traffic and utility distribution.

Longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles.

To ensure accurate measurements and control points during the survey.

Land use, air pollution, and noise pollution.

They are vital for the country's transportation infrastructure, offering an alternative to road travel.

It reduces travel time and costs, improving overall quality of life.

Natural gravel with good-quality soil as a binder.

Resurfacing, pothole repairs, and drainage system maintenance.

Can be more complex to navigate for those unfamiliar with the layout.

Liquids and gases, such as oil, natural gas, and water.

Adaptable, direct, and economical mobility.

To gather precise data on shortlisted alignments for accurate design and cost estimation.

Conservation areas and restricted zones.

Portland cement concrete of sufficient character to support the weight of passing vehicles.

By providing access to essential services like healthcare and education.

They directly connect major airports to National Primary Roads.

50-100 years.

It reduces the change in highway alignment when a straight road is possible between points A and B.

The road should be aligned with the stable hillside.

The design, construction, and maintenance of railway systems, including track layout and signaling systems.

To estimate the volume of earthwork required along the centerline of the proposed road.

The alignment should provide comfort to drivers and passengers.

Traffic flow, safety, and durability of pavements and structures.

Streets arranged in a hexagonal grid with hexagon-shaped blocks.

Can result in monotonous urban landscapes and high traffic congestion at intersections.

Track alignment, rail welding, and switch maintenance.

A mountain pass.

Effective project management and quality control measures.

They gather essential data on terrain, environmental factors, and community needs for highway design.

Details of earthwork, slope, stability of materials, subsoil and surface drainage requirements, and pavement type.

By shaping modern transportation networks and contributing to economic development and connectivity.

A permanent road having a line of rails fixed to ties for cars or equipment drawn by locomotives.

Based on intended function, traffic volume, and design standards.

Specific planning considerations for each road category.

Runway design, terminal facilities planning, and air traffic control systems.

Obtaining necessary permits and licenses from government agencies and ensuring compliance with regulations.

Planning surveys.

A street within the Población area of a municipality.

All factors that could impact construction.

It is generally more economical for transporting goods and passengers over short distances compared to other modes.

They can reduce traffic congestion and lower greenhouse gas emissions.

A main road connecting major towns or cities, designed for fast and efficient travel over long distances.

Modern, efficient transportation infrastructure.

It integrates classification strategies and meticulous surveying to meet transportation needs.

A mountain pass.

Steep gradients, hairpin bends, and needless rise and fall.

Uses trains running on tracks, which can be electrified or powered by diesel engines.

Map Study.

Air transportation, involving airplanes and helicopters.

Efficiency, sustainability, resilience, and alignment with evolving community needs.

Indispensable roles in shaping and supporting the infrastructural backbone essential for societal progress.

Three.

Environmental mitigation strategies like wildlife crossings and noise barriers.

Overall costs during construction, operation, and maintenance.

Asphalt, concrete, gravel, and steel for bridges.

Number of lanes = Traffic Volume / Traffic Capacity.

To ensure that each road segment is designed with an appropriate capacity.

From Baclaran to Roosevelt.

Optimizing port operations, ensuring safety for vessels and crew, and supporting economic activities related to trade.

Funding and budgeting.

Potential routes and narrowing down options before field surveys.

Methods and systems used for moving people and goods from one place to another.

By connecting communities and facilitating local and regional commerce.

The government must be clear about the requirements of the road project, including when, what, how, and why to construct.

3,379.73 kilometers.

It reduces fuel consumption and minimizes resource wastage.

They cannot be destroyed due to human sentiment.

By understanding the engineering principles that support roads and railways.

It links cultural sites and promotes appreciation of cultural heritage.

Ships, boats, and barges.

Rails (20-30 years), structures (50-100 years).

Each mode is suitable for different types of travel, distances, and purposes.

It leads to a more uniform distribution of traffic and enhances aesthetic appeal.

It helps bridge the gap between different socio-economic groups.

To balance engineering feasibility with socioeconomic and environmental factors.

To avoid destruction and high compensation costs.

Adequate drainage facilities across the road.

They enhance efficiency, safety, and environmental impact.

It can accommodate a wide variety of goods and passenger types, supporting different types of vehicles.

Steel rails, wooden or concrete sleepers, and ballast.

It is variable, but generally has a lower initial cost per mile.

Single or multiple tracks for train sequences.

To maintain and develop infrastructure facilities, especially national highways.

Development that promotes sustainable and livable urban environments through transportation.

A post-implementation review.

Soil type along the routes from field identification tests.

By ensuring fair compensation and resettlement plans.

Track alignment, gradient, and curvature.

Federal, state, local governments, and private investors.

It makes construction easier and more economical.

Planning and development of rail networks, including track layout and signaling systems.

A central focal point from which streets radiate outwards, combined with a surrounding block or grid pattern.

The number of cross-drainage structures.

The history, planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads and railroads.

The alignment needs to be within the allocated territory.

To know the location of construction materials.

To govern the efficient and safe movement of people and goods across regions.

By examining aerial photographs under stereoscopes.

Soil type, depth of cut, height of fill, side drain information, and direction of flow.

It enables the movement of people and goods, supports trade, and creates jobs.

As a crucial commuter route along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA).

Public Transportation Systems, Urban Transportation Planning, Bicycle and Pedestrian Infrastructure, Transportation Economics and Policy, and Freight and Logistics.

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and autonomous vehicles.

Construction, operation, and maintenance should be economical.

Less air pollution and localized noise.

The alignment should minimize the number of cross drainage structures.

Map Study, Reconnaissance, Preliminary Survey, Final Location and Detailed Survey.

To track performance in terms of traffic flow, safety, and environmental impact.

The number of lanes, roadway width, and pavement design.

Taking aerial photographs with required lateral and longitudinal overlaps.

To require Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for projects affecting environmental quality.

Horizontal alignment and vertical alignment.

The projection of the highway alignment on a vertical plane.

It must be safe and easy.

Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao islands.

Tracks, bridges, tunnels, and stations.

Daang Maharlika.

High volumes of traffic and heavy loads safely.

Asian Highway 26 (AH26).

Provides efficient access to and from the central area and reduces congestion by distributing traffic.

To link barangays and cities for transporting goods and as a communication link for economic development.

Economic prosperity, social well-being, environmental sustainability, and overall quality of life.

Values of the gradient, length of gradients, and radius of circular curves.

Sources of construction materials.

It can be complex to design and construct, and may confuse navigation.

Avoiding valleys, ponds, and lakes.

Designing and managing highways and railways for safe, efficient, and sustainable infrastructure.

The simplest road constructed by shaping and smoothing natural soil.

They connect major National Government Infrastructure to National Primary Roads or other National Secondary Roads.

It enhances personal mobility and freedom, connecting communities.

Signaling systems, switches, and automated control.

To support economic activities and provide vital links between different regions.

Moving vehicles or containers along a fixed path, often in mountainous terrain.

Local roads.

The final center line.

Expressways.

Cost-benefit analysis and technical feasibility of proposed routes.

Spot levels and contour lines.

Center line, structures, Right of Way (ROW), carriageway, shoulders, and side drain.

The projection of the highway alignment on a horizontal plane.

Ground level, formation level, super elevation, area of cutting, and area of filling.

Roads and railways.