BRS Biochemistry_1-231 (1)

A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Translation.

It can be inserted into the genome of the host cell and expressed.

RNA.

They unwind the parental strands and correct errors.

Transcription and translation.

A cap structure consisting of methylated guanine triphosphate.

In the nuclei, with small amounts in mitochondria.

Genetic alterations, including abnormal cell growth and cancer.

Deoxyribose.

Cells prepare to duplicate their chromosomes.

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.

By removing and replacing the damaged region using the intact strand as a template.

Four types: 18S, 28S, 5S, and 5.8S rRNA.

Renaturation is the process where separated DNA strands re-form base pairs when the temperature is slowly decreased.

70S ribosome composed of 50S and 30S subunits, with 5S, 23S, 16S rRNA and 34 proteins.

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

DNA polymerase γ.

Their DNA repair system does not function properly, leading to increased skin cancer risk.

Antiparallel; one runs 5′ to 3′ and the other runs 3′ to 5′.

A 45S precursor.

The sequence of codons in mRNA.

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Deoxyribose.

It synthesizes DNA copies of the transposon, which can integrate into the genome.

Radiation, chemicals, and viruses.

They cause damage to DNA, which can produce mutations if not repaired rapidly.

Uracil (U).

It associates with proteins to form ribosomes.

It is an enzyme in protein synthesis that consists of RNA.

Dihydrouridine.

tA tAA t (Pribnow box) and TTGACA, located about 10 and 35 bases upstream from the transcription start point, respectively.

The protein-DNA complexes found on chromosomes within the nucleus.

An mRNA that produces several different proteins during translation, one from each cistron.

The cap is at the 5′ end and the poly(A) tail is at the 3′ end, aiding in stability and translation.

They unwind the DNA helix.

They prevent extreme supercoiling of the parental helix.

They are cleaved at the 5′ and 3′ ends.

It catalyzes the addition of the sequence ccA to the 3′ end.

Each nucleotide is used only once, starting with a start codon and ending with a stop codon.

Phosphodiester bond.

Recombination of genes.

It cleaves tRNA precursors.

Nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and phosphate.

Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA.

More than 4 × 10^6 base pairs.

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.

They serve as precursors for the RNA chain.

They separate parental DNA strands by unwinding the double helix.

Cell division occurs.

Defective mismatch repair.

They relieve torsional strain on the parental duplex caused by unwinding.

Sites at which DNA synthesis is occurring.

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosomal site of protein synthesis.

Methionine (codon = AUG).

A short stretch of RNA.

It is a topoisomerase found only in prokaryotes, inhibited by quinolone antibiotics.

Pol γ.

RNA polymerase I produces rRNA, while RNA polymerase III produces tRNA and 5S rRNA.

To synthesize RNA from a DNA template.

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).

Histone H1 helps in the formation of the solenoid structure.

It includes a methylguanosine triphosphate linkage.

Messenger RNA (mRNA).

They participate in the process of translation.

Pseudouridine (ψ), dihydrouridine (d), and ribothymidine (t).

Short fragments formed during the discontinuous copying of the lagging strand.

3' to 5' direction, while the RNA chain grows in the 5' to 3' direction.

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dTTP, and dCTP).

Cells prepare to divide.

In the cytoplasm, on ribosomes.

Each daughter molecule contains one intact parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

3' to 5' away from the replication fork.

Ligase.

If altered or expressed abnormally, they can result in cancer.

From the N-terminus to the C-terminus, following the 5' to 3' direction of mRNA.

They can act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the genes they regulate.

Each of the 20 common amino acids has at least one codon, and many have multiple codons.

A modified and trimmed RNA molecule.

Replication.

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).

Ribose.

Ribose has a hydroxyl group on carbon two, while deoxyribose does not.

Thymine (T).

Unwinding of parental strands.

80S ribosome composed of 60S and 40S subunits, with 5S, 28S, 18S, 5.8S rRNA and 83 proteins.

tRNA molecules have a cloverleaf structure.

A double helix.

10^(-9) to 10^(-10).

It helps in understanding antibiotics that target prokaryotic protein synthesis and toxins.

Removal of a group of nucleotides, including the damaged one, from a DNA strand.

It produces secondary and tertiary structures that are important for RNA function.

About 10 ribonucleotides.

Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria.

It catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

Purines and Pyrimidines.

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U).

Sequences within a transcript that appear in the mature mRNA.

A portion of a strand from one molecule can be exchanged for a portion of a strand from another molecule.

The movement of genes from one chromosomal site to another.

Enhancers are DNA sequences that stimulate the transcription rate.

DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.

Pyrimidine dimers.

In the cytoplasm of the cell.

Chromatin consists of DNA complexed with histones in nucleosomes.

Histones are small, basic proteins with a high content of arginine and lysine that help package DNA.

It is required for the initiation of RNA synthesis.

The use of recombinant DNA technology for testing and diagnosis of specific diseases.

18S rRNA complexes with proteins.

It joins two adjacent DNA strands by forming a phosphodiester bond.

Two inorganic phosphates.

A termination codon (UGA, UAG, or UAA).

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.

There are no breaks or markers to distinguish one codon from the next.

To synthesize proteins from mRNA.

Synthesis of DNA from an RNA template, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.

In opposite directions, determined by the hydroxyl groups on carbons 3 and 5 of the deoxyribose.

It ensures accurate replication and transcription.

Posttranscriptional modification of normal nucleotides and the addition of a CCA sequence at the 3' end.

It must travel from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

It acts as the lead polymerase on the lagging strand.

By nucleosides joined by 3′,5′-phosphodiester bridges.

About 200.

To reduce side effects.

It carries the amino acid.

During the S phase.

28S, 5.8S, and 5S rRNAs complex with proteins.

About 200 deoxyribonucleotides.

Pol III.

It inhibits the formation of tetrahydrofolate, affecting thymine and purine synthesis.

In the nucleolus.

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the codons in mRNA.

Synthesis of DNA (replication) occurs.

RNA molecules that act as catalysts, removing internal segments of themselves and splicing the ends together.

Sequences within the primary transcript that are removed and do not appear in the mature mRNA.

DNA synthesis occurs in the 5' to 3' direction.

DNA polymerase α.

Proteins, the products of genes.

DNA ligase.

To study and manipulate genes, and for diagnostics.

They initiate the synthesis of new DNA strands.

Repressors bind and inhibit transcription.

3' to 5' toward the replication fork.

3'-to-5'.

It cleaves larger transcripts to produce tRNA and contains an RNA molecule that acts as a catalyst.

The TATA box (Hogness box) and the CAAT box.

RNA polymerase III.

Increased cell growth occurs.

It catalyzes the formation of the RNA primer.

It is capped at the 5' end, has a poly(A) tail added at the 3' end, and introns are removed.

It serves as a template for the synthesis of DNA by reverse transcriptase.

Nucleotides consist of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

The prime symbol is used for carbon numbers in sugars, while bases do not use the prime symbol.

tRNA (transfer RNA).

In bacteria, transcription and translation occur simultaneously; eukaryotic RNA must exit the nucleus for translation.

It serves as a signal for the cleavage of hnRNA and addition of the poly(A) tail by poly(A) polymerase.

GU, preceded by an invariant AG at the 3' end of the adjacent exon.

Replication is bidirectional and semiconservative.

About 80 nucleotides.

They are removed by nucleases and gaps are filled with deoxyribonucleotides.

Ribothymidine and pseudouridine.

Point mutations, insertions, and deletions.

Adenine pairs with uracil.

5'-to-3'.

DNA polymerase.

It is created by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 and is targeted by the drug Gleevec.

It includes the conversion of uridine to pseudouridine, ribothymidine, and dihydrouridine.

It inhibits the initiation of prokaryotic RNA synthesis and is used to treat tuberculosis.

It indicates that the nucleic acid is DNA.

A 5' cap is added and a poly(A) tail is added to the 3' end.

Benzo(a)pyrene.

By a variety of mechanisms, with only a small fraction of the genome expressed in any one cell.

Mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes.

Activators bind and stimulate transcription.

The anticodon, which base-pairs with the codon in mRNA.

They prevent single strands of DNA from reassociating.

It undergoes methylation and cleavages to produce 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA.

RNase H.

Alkali or heat, which separate the strands without breaking phosphodiester bonds.

In the 5' to 3' direction.

Mobile genetic elements that facilitate the movement of genes.

It prevents the conversion of dUMP to dTMP, reducing thymine nucleotides for DNA synthesis.

None.

Up to 200 adenine (A) nucleotides attached to the hydroxyl group at the 3' end.

Hybridization is when a single strand of DNA pairs with complementary base sequences on another strand of DNA or RNA.

83 different proteins.

They are involved in the cleavage and splicing process of hnRNA.

It is a historical element included in the promoter region, though only 12.5% of eukaryotic promoters contain this sequence.

3' to 5' exonuclease activity.

RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine, and is generally single-stranded.

It forms a cloverleaf structure that contains unusual nucleotides and an anticodon.

A structure formed when many ribosomes attach simultaneously to a single mRNA molecule.

It removes a damaged base by hydrolyzing an N-glycosidic bond.

It removes the newly synthesized strand that contains mismatched bases, as it has not yet been methylated.

A primer.

On the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

It inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerases, particularly polymerase II, and can be lethal.

A defect in a helicase necessary to unwind DNA strands during replication.

Oncogenes are genes that cause cancer.

Phosphodiester bond.

Repair that occurs when the transcription apparatus detects DNA damage in the gene being transcribed.

RNA.

To bypass areas of DNA damage during replication.