Lecture 19 -- Urinary system

The first major renal process is ___ filtration.

The second major renal process is ___ reabsorption.

The third major renal process is ___ secretion.

The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the ___.

The glomerulus is made up of ___ capillaries.

Blood flows from the ___ arteriole through the glomerulus, which consists of ___ capillaries.

The glomerulus forms ___ from blood plasma while preventing ___ and ___ from passing.

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is made up of ___ epithelium.

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consists of specialized epithelial cells called ___.

Podocytes have ___ processes that surround glomerular capillaries.

The filtration membrane in the kidney consists of the capillary endothelium, ___, and foot processes of podocytes.

The movement of blood plasma through ___ is a key feature of the filtration membrane.

The filtrate enters the ___ after passing through the filtration membrane.

The filtration slits are formed by the ___ of podocytes.

The fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries allows the passage of all plasma components, but does not allow the passage of ___ cells.

The basement membrane and slit diaphragm restrict the passage of ___.

Macromolecules that are trapped in the basement membrane are engulfed by ___ cells.

Blood enters the glomerular capillaries from the ___ arteriole.

Urea enters the ascending limb of the loop of Henle via ___ diffusion.

Active transport of NaCl occurs in the ___ segment of the ascending limb.

Urea enters the filtrate by ___ diffusion.

In the descending limb of the Loop of Henle, it is impermeable to ___ but permeable to ___.

The concentration of filtrate ___ in the descending limb because water is moving out and reentering the blood.

In the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, it is impermeable to ___ but permeable to ___.

The concentration of filtrate ___ in the ascending limb because NaCl is moving out and reentering the blood.

In the distal convoluted tubule, Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion are regulated by ___.

Cl- is cotransported with Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule through ___.

Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by ___.

Water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by ___.

Water reabsorption in the collecting duct is regulated by ___.

Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the collecting duct are regulated by ___.

The collecting duct plays a role in maintaining blood pH by reabsorbing or secreting ___.

___ is secreted in the collecting duct to help maintain blood pH.

Urea is reabsorbed in the collecting duct through ___.

Urea moves out of the collecting duct through ___ diffusion.

One function of the urinary system is ___.

The urinary system helps in the regulation of ___ levels in the body fluids.

The urinary system plays a role in regulating the ___ of body fluid.

The urinary system regulates the ___ in body fluid.

The urinary system secretes ___.

The urinary system is responsible for secreting ___.

The urinary system is involved in the metabolism of ___.

The urinary system can perform ___ during periods of fasting.

The kidneys are located on the posterior abdominal wall lateral to ___ - ___ vertebrae.

The ureters are located on the posterior abdominal wall lateral to the ___ vertebrae, and within the ___ cavity.

The urinary bladder is located within the pelvic cavity, directly posterior to the ___ bones.

In females, the urethra is located within the perineum; anterior to the ___; in males, it is located anterior to the anal canal and within the ___.

The kidneys are located in the ___ space.

The ___ helps anchor the kidneys to other structures.

The ___ protects the kidney from physical damage.

The ___ is a transparent layer that prevents infection from spreading to the kidney.

Total body water varies by ___, ___, muscle mass and body fat percentage.

Skeletal muscle contains ___% water, while adipose tissue contains ___% water.

Total body water decreases with ___.

The lungs exchange ___ which goes from the lungs to the blood, and ___ which goes from the blood to the lungs.

The digestive tract provides ___, ___, and ___ into the blood.

The kidneys and liver both send ___ into the blood.

Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nutrients, Water (H2O) and Ions, and Wastes are transported into the ___ from the blood plasma.

The final transport of substances occurs from the interstitial fluid into the ___ in tissue cells.

The average daily water intake from beverages is ___ ml, making up ___% of the total.

The average daily water intake from foods is ___ ml, accounting for ___% of the total.

The average daily water intake from metabolism is ___ ml, which is ___% of the total.

The average daily water output through urine is ___ ml, representing ___% of the total.

The average daily water output through losses via skin and lungs is ___ ml, making up ___% of the total.

The average daily water output through sweat is ___ ml, which accounts for ___% of the total.

The average daily water output through feces is ___ ml, representing ___% of the total.

Electrolytes are chemical compounds that ___ into ions in water.

Nonelectrolytes are chemical compounds that do not ___ in water.

In the ECF, the cation concentration of Na+ is ___ mEq/l.

In the ICF, the anion concentration of HCO3- is ___ mEq/l.

The concentration of K+ in the ECF is ___ mEq/l.

The concentration of Cl- in the ICF is ___ mEq/l.

The kidneys are the major ___ organ of the body.

Each kidney contains over ___ million nephrons.

___% of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood.

Only ___% of the filtrate becomes urine.

Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a ___ convoluted tubule.

The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and ___ capsule.

The loop of Henle has a ___ limb and an ascending limb.

The nephron's collecting duct connects to the ___ convoluted tubule.

The functional unit of the kidney is the ___.

The pathway of blood flow from the ___ artery to the ___ vein includes the glomerulus and peritubular capillaries.

Blood flows from the arcuate artery to the ___ arteriole before reaching the glomerulus.

After passing through the glomerulus, blood exits via the ___ arteriole.

The blood from the peritubular capillaries returns to the arcuate vein through the ___ vein.

Urine production in the kidneys results from ___ major renal processes.

Blood is filtered through the endothelium of the capillaries, basement membrane, and ___ to become filtrate in the glomerular capsule.

Blood that is not filtered into the glomerular capsule will pass into the ___ arteriole.

The efferent arteriole leads to either ___ (juxtaglomerular nephron) or ___ (cortical nephron).

Most plasma proteins ___ pass into the filtrate.

About ___% of albumins is excreted in the urine.

Proteinuria results from defects in ___ or ___ that lead to more excretion of plasma proteins in the urine.

Proteinuria can lead to ___, ___, and hydrothorax.

The ___ capillaries receive reabsorbed substances from the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

The Juxtamedullary nephron has a ___ loop of Henle.

In the Juxtamedullary nephron, the glomerulus is located closer to the ___ junction.

The efferent arteriole of the Juxtamedullary nephron supplies the ___.

The Cortical nephron has a ___ loop of Henle.

In the Cortical nephron, the glomerulus is located further from the ___ junction.

The efferent arteriole of the Cortical nephron supplies the ___ capillaries.

The ___ receive reabsorbed substances from the loop of Henle.

In the proximal convoluted tubule, ___% of glucose, lactate, and amino acids in filtrate are reabsorbed.

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs ___% of sodium and water.

___% of bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs ___% of chloride ions.

___% of potassium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

In the proximal convoluted tubule, ___% of urea is reabsorbed.

In the proximal convoluted tubule, ___, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are actively transported.

Water, urea, and many ions follow passively after ___ transport in the proximal convoluted tubule.

___ and ammonium ion (NH4+) are secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule.

___ is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Some ___ are secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule.

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is freely permeable to ___.

The epithelium of the descending limb of the loop of Henle is composed of ___ epithelium.

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is ___ to water.

The thick segment of the ascending limb has ___ epithelium.

In the thin segment of the ascending limb, NaCl and K+ are reabsorbed by ___ diffusion.

The concentration of urea in the descending limb of the nephron loop increases from ___ to ___ as it progresses down the loop.

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle has a urea concentration of ___.

The flow of filtrate begins at the ___.

After the glomerulus, filtrate moves to the ___ convoluted tubule.

The ___ of Henle consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.

Filtrate then passes into the ___ convoluted tubule.

The final stage of filtrate flow is through the ___ ducts before emptying into a minor calyx.

Each kidney contains approximately ___ million nephrons.

The renal cortex contains ___ .

The renal pyramids in the medulla contain ___ .

Minor calyces are responsible for ___ .

Major calyces are responsible for ___ .

The renal pelvis is the ___ .

The ___ connects the kidney to the urinary bladder.

The structure that collects urine from the kidney is called the ___ .

The ___ is the structure that stores urine before it is excreted.

The urinary bladder is a ___ sac that can distend to store up to ~1 L of urine.

The innermost layer of the urinary bladder wall is called the ___ epithelium.

The thickest layer of the urinary bladder wall is the ___ muscle layer.

The layer beneath the epithelium in the urinary bladder wall is known as the ___ tissue (lamina propria).

The urethra carries urine from the urinary bladder to the ___ environment.

The male urethra extends from the bladder through the ___ and down the penis.

The part of the male urethra that is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter is called the ___ part.

The ___ is the structure that connects the bladder to the urethra in males.

The external urethral orifice is located at the end of the ___ urethra.