6-10

The P wave on an ECG represents ___, which corresponds to atrial contraction.

In atrial fibrillation, there is no true atrial ___ & ___.

The PR interval on an ECG measures the time it takes for the SA node to fire, the signal to reach the AV node, and for the AV node to restart the signal to the ___.

Atrial fibrillation is characterized by ___ waves and a ___ baseline.

The QRS complex on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization and also ___ repolarization.

A major risk of atrial fibrillation is blood clots in the ___ atria, which can lead to a ___.

The ST segment on an ECG should return to the ___ line, indicating no electrical activity.

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can create ___ QRS complexes that are ___ and require extended repolarization time.

The T wave on an ECG represents ___ repolarization.

PVCs occurring every 2nd beat are called ___, every 3rd beat are called ___, and every 4th beat are called ___.

The QT interval on an ECG can indicate ___ if it is prolonged.

A run of 3 PVCs in a normal sinus rhythm is called a ___, while a run greater than 30 seconds is called ___.

A normal P wave on an ECG should be present and upright with a ___ ratio to the QRS complex.

Ventricular tachycardia is defined as more than ___ consecutive PVCs with a ___ QRS complex.

The accurate method for assessing heart rate from an ECG strip involves dividing 1500 by the number of ___ between 2 R waves.

Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by a heart rate of ___ to ___ bpm and is a precursor to ___.

An abnormal PR interval that gets longer and longer before dropping a QRS complex indicates a ___ block.

The approximation method for assessing heart rate from an ECG strip uses the sequence ___-150-100-75-60-50 applied to the large boxes between 2 R waves.

The time duration for the PR interval on an ECG should be between ___ and ___ seconds.

For an irregular heart rate, the approximation method involves counting the number of ___ in 6 seconds and multiplying by 10.

The QRS complex duration should be less than ___ seconds.

Sinus bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than ___ bpm.

Sinus tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than ___ bpm.

Atrial flutter is characterized by ___ waves that are saw-toothed in appearance.

Atrial fibrillation is characterized by the absence of ___ waves and the presence of chaotic atrial activity.

In sinus bradycardia, a decrease in automaticity of the ___ node or increased vagal stimulation can be a cause.

Conditions such as pain, fear, emotion, exertion, or stimulants like caffeine can increase the automaticity of the ___ node, leading to sinus tachycardia.

In atrial flutter, the AV node conducts a fraction of the impulses, often in a ___:1 ratio.

The major determinants of blood pressure are ___ and ___.

Exercise capacity is reduced by ___ to ___ percent in individuals with hypertension.

In hypertension, stroke volume increases ___ and peak heart rate is ___, reducing cardiac output.

Exercise leads to reductions in both ___ and ___ blood pressure.

One systemic effect of hypertension on the brain is the formation of an ___.

Hypertension can cause ___ in the eyes.

Hypertension can lead to ___, ___, ___, and ___ in the heart.

Chronic renal failure and nephrosclerosis are systemic effects of hypertension on the ___.

Depolarization in the heart is associated with ___.

The P wave on an ECG represents ___ depolarization.

The QRS complex on an ECG represents ___ depolarization.

Repolarization on an ECG is shown as an ___ deflection towards the electrode.

The six limb leads in an ECG record from the ___ plane.

The unipolar/augmented limb leads are ___, ___, and ___.

The bipolar limb leads are ___, ___, and ___.

To measure the PR interval, count the number of small boxes and multiply by ___ seconds.

A normal PR interval ranges from ___ to ___ seconds, which corresponds to 3-5 small boxes.

A PR interval greater than ___ seconds indicates a heart block.

To measure the QRS complex, count the number of small boxes from Q to the end of S and multiply by ___ seconds.

A normal QRS complex duration is between ___ and ___ seconds, which corresponds to 1.5-3 small boxes.

A QRS complex duration greater than ___ seconds indicates a PVC (wide & bizarre).

To assess rhythm, measure the number of small boxes from ___ to ___.

In a 6-second strip, count the number of R's and multiply by ___ to determine the heart rate.

For regular rhythms, the heart rate can be calculated by dividing 1500 by the number of ___ boxes in one R-R interval.

For regular rhythms, the heart rate can also be calculated by dividing 300 by the number of ___ boxes between R's.

Asystole is ___ shockable.

Pulseless V-Tach or V-Fib is ___ shockable.

A little rhyme to remember: DFIB for ___ and pulseless VTach.

Pulseless electrical activity can be caused by H's such as hypovolemia, hypoxia, hyperkalemia, H+ ion excess, and ___.

Pulseless electrical activity can be caused by T's such as toxins, tamponade, thrombosis (MI), thrombosis (PE), tension pneumothorax, and ___.

SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) is characterized by ___ and is a medical emergency.