What does the term 'glia' mean?
Click to see answer
Glue.
Click to see question
What does the term 'glia' mean?
Glue.
What is the function of sensory (afferent) nerves?
They send nervous impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS to bring in information.
From where does the parasympathetic system arise?
Cranial nerves and middle 3 sacral segments.
What is the role of ependymal cells in the circulation of CSF?
They help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What is the region where the axon joins the cell body?
Axon hillock.
What is the primary function of neurons?
To transmit impulses.
What are examples of actions accomplished by motor nerves?
Movement of a muscle and activation of a gland.
From which segments does the sympathetic system arise?
All thoracic and upper 2 lumbar segments.
What substance do astrocytes store?
Glycogen.
How do neuroglia support neurons?
They hold neurons in place like glue.
What are the structures at the end of an axon that release neurotransmitters?
Synaptic end bulbs.
What is the function of motor (efferent) nerves?
They send nervous impulses from the CNS to the body to accomplish an action.
What is the insulating layer that covers the axon called?
Myelin sheath.
Which type of neuron has a single process extending from the cell body?
Unipolar neuron.
What is an axoaxonic synapse?
A synapse where the axon of one neuron connects to the axon of another neuron.
What are the primary origins of the parasympathetic system?
Cranial nerves and sacral segments.
What is the primary function of ependymal cells?
Production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What is the name of the sulcus that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?
Lateral Sulcus
What is the inferior surface of the cerebrum?
The inferior surface of the cerebrum is the bottom view of the brain, showing structures such as the frontal pole, temporal pole, occipital pole, and various gyri and sulci.
What is the significance of the uncus on the inferior surface of the cerebrum?
The uncus is part of the parahippocampal gyrus and is involved in the sense of smell.
Why does white matter appear white?
Because it is formed by myelinated axons.
How many poles does each cerebral hemisphere have?
3 poles.
What does 'T' stand for in the brain diagram?
Thalamus
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
There are 8 cervical spinal nerves.
What does 'Prosen' refer to in brain anatomy?
Anterior or Forebrain.
What does 'Dien' signify in brain anatomy?
Between, referring to the area between the cerebral hemispheres.
What does 'Mesen' mean in brain anatomy?
Middle, referring to the midbrain.
What is the long, conducting fiber of a neuron called?
Axon.
What are the two main functional divisions of the nervous system?
Somatic Nervous System (voluntary) and Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary).
How many parts does the diencephalon consist of?
Five parts.
What is the function of the fusiform gyrus visible on the inferior surface of the cerebrum?
The fusiform gyrus is involved in high-level visual processing and recognition.
What are the main parts of the brain?
Cerebral Hemisphere, Diencephalon, Brain Stem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata), and Cerebellum.
What does 'Telen' mean in the context of brain anatomy?
Far from.
What structures are included in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
How do astrocytes contribute to the repair of the nervous system?
By gliosis.
Which type of neuroglia is responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes.
What are the names of the 4 main sulci in each cerebral hemisphere?
Lateral, Central, Parieto-occipital, Calcarine.
What are the two common features seen while studying the CNS?
Each part has a canal (or cavity) that allows the cerebrospinal fluid to circulate.
What is the cerebral aqueduct and where is it located?
The cerebral aqueduct, also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius, is a narrow channel that connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle, located in the midbrain.
What does 'P' stand for in the brain diagram?
Pons
What does 'Encephalon' mean?
Brain.
Which cervical vertebra is also known as the Atlas?
The first cervical vertebra (C1) is known as the Atlas.
What are the two types of neurons based on size?
Golgi type I (Large) and Golgi type II (Small).
What types of information do sensory nerves transmit?
Pressure, temperature, and pain.
Which lobe of the brain is located at the bottom middle part?
Temporal Lobe
Why is the thalamus compared to a bedroom in a house?
Because it is hidden between the two cerebral hemispheres.
What are the names of the 3 poles in each cerebral hemisphere?
Frontal, Occipital, Temporal.
What does the term 'caudal' refer to in brain anatomy?
Caudal refers to the direction toward the tail or back of the brain.
What does 'S' stand for in the brain diagram?
Subthalamus
What are the two main anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
How is the Central Nervous System (CNS) protected?
It is protected by bones.
What are the three types of neurons based on the number of processes?
Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar.
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Formation of the myelin sheath in the CNS.
What forms the white matter in the CNS?
A collection of myelinated axons of the neurons.
What forms the grey matter in the CNS?
A collection of the cell bodies of the neurons.
What is the function of the central canal in the brain?
The central canal is a cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord.
What does 'C' stand for in the brain diagram?
Cerebellum
What is the role of neuroglia in the nervous system?
To support the neurons.
What is the discrepancy between the number of cervical vertebrae and cervical spinal nerves?
There are 7 cervical vertebrae but 8 cervical spinal nerves.
What does 'Mylen' signify in brain anatomy?
Marrow, referring to the medulla.
What does the visceral motor nerve innervate?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
What is the role of microglia in the nervous system?
Phagocytosis.
How many lobes does each cerebral hemisphere have?
4 lobes.
How many main sulci separate the lobes in each cerebral hemisphere?
4 main sulci.
What does the horizontal plane divide?
The horizontal plane divides the brain into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.
What does the term 'ventral' refer to in brain anatomy?
Ventral refers to the direction toward the belly or lower side of the brain.
What structures are included in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
The brain and spinal cord.
What does 'Rhomben' refer to in brain anatomy?
Posterior or Hindbrain.
Which type of neuron has two processes extending from the cell body?
Bipolar neuron.
What is an axosomatic synapse?
A synapse where the axon of one neuron connects to the soma (cell body) of another neuron.
What are the special sensory functions?
Taste, hearing, vision, and smell.
What are the two types of motor nerves?
Visceral Motor (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic) and Somatic Motor.
What are the two types of astrocytes?
Fibrous and protoplasmic.
What is the name of the sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
Parietooccipital sulcus
Where is the diencephalon located?
Above the brainstem between the cerebral hemispheres.
Which ventricle is found in the diencephalon?
The 3rd ventricle.
What does the term 'dorsal' refer to in brain anatomy?
Dorsal refers to the direction toward the back or upper side of the brain.
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
There are 7 cervical vertebrae.
What does 'Meten' mean in brain anatomy?
After or beyond.
What are the gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon called?
Nodes of Ranvier.
What are the three types of neurons based on function?
Motor, Sensory, and Interneurons.
Which type of neuron has multiple processes extending from the cell body?
Multipolar neuron.
What is an axodendritic synapse?
A synapse where the axon of one neuron connects to the dendrite of another neuron.
What sensations are associated with somatic sensory nerves?
Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and temperature.
What is one of the functions of astrocytes related to structural support?
Supporting framework.
What are the extensions of astrocytes that interact with blood vessels called?
Perivascular feet.
Which lobe of the brain is located at the front?
Frontal Lobe
What is the name of the sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Central Sulcus
What are the five parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, Metathalamus.
Which structure is located at the front of the inferior surface of the cerebrum?
The frontal pole.
Which sulcus separates the occipitotemporal gyrus from the fusiform gyrus on the inferior surface of the cerebrum?
The collateral sulcus.
What are the ventricles present in the two cerebral hemispheres?
Two lateral ventricles, one in each hemisphere (they comprise together the 1st and 2nd ventricles).
What is the cellular unit of the nervous system?
Neuron (nerve cell).
What is the main structural component of a neuron that contains the nucleus?
The body (or cell body).
What are the granules found in the cytoplasm of a neuron called?
Nissl's granules.
What does 'Medulla spinalis' refer to?
Spinal cord.
What does the somatic motor nerve innervate?
Skeletal muscles.
What is the function of the olfactory bulb visible on the inferior surface of the cerebrum?
The olfactory bulb is involved in the sense of smell.
What are the two common features seen while studying the CNS?
Each part has white matter and grey matter.
How many surfaces does each cerebral hemisphere have?
3 surfaces.
What is the canal called in the midbrain?
The cerebral aqueduct.
What is the name of the bone that the Atlas (C1) supports?
The Atlas (C1) supports the Occipital bone.
What are the branching structures that receive signals from other neurons?
Dendrites.
What are the three types of synapses in neurons?
Axodendritic, Axosomatic, and Axoaxonic.
What is the function of visceral sensory nerves?
They provide sensory innervation of the viscera, including stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in the viscera.
Which lobe of the brain is located at the back?
Occipital Lobe
What does the word 'thalamus' mean?
Inner chamber or bedroom.
What are the names of the 4 lobes in each cerebral hemisphere?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital.
What is the function of the lateral ventricles in the brain?
The lateral ventricles are two large cavities in the brain that produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain and removes waste.
What does the term 'rostral' refer to in brain anatomy?
Rostral refers to the direction toward the nose or front of the brain.
What does 'afferent' refer to in the context of sensory nerves?
Afferent refers to sensory nerves.
Which motor nerve is associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Visceral Motor.
What does the Latin word 'DIEN' mean?
'Between'.
Which gyrus is located near the midbrain on the inferior surface of the cerebrum?
The parahippocampal gyrus.
What are the names of the 3 surfaces in each cerebral hemisphere?
Superior-lateral, Medial, Inferior.
What is the 3rd ventricle and where is it located?
The 3rd ventricle is a narrow, fluid-filled cavity located between the two thalami.
What does the transverse plane divide?
The transverse plane divides the brain into rostral (toward the nose) and caudal (toward the tail) sections.
What does 'M' stand for in the brain diagram?
Midbrain
What are the extensions of astrocytes that interact with neurons called?
Perineuronal feet.
What is grey matter called when it lies deep within the structure?
Nucleus.
Which lobe of the brain is located at the top middle part?
Parietal Lobe
What does the coronal plane divide?
The coronal plane divides the brain into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
What does 'MO' stand for in the brain diagram?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the name of the notch located at the back of the brain near the occipital lobe?
Preoccipital notch
What is grey matter called when it is on the surface?
Cortex.
What is the canal present in the spinal cord called?
The central canal.
Which ventricle is associated with the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum?
The 4th ventricle.
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
The 4th ventricle is located between the pons and the cerebellum.
What does 'H' stand for in the brain diagram?
Hypothalamus
