Gautam Biswas Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 3rd Edition_compressed (1)

Criminal cases, civil cases, marriage, interchange of newborn babies, passport/license, impersonation, inheritance, absconding soldiers and criminals, insurance claim, missing persons, disputed sex.

Circumcision, sacred thread, caste marks, saris, vermilion, tattoo marks, nose ring aperture, and ear piercings.

The female pelvis.

First molar: 6-7 years, Central incisor: 6-8 years, Lateral incisor: 7-9 years, First premolar: 9-11 years, Second premolar: 10-12 years, Canine: 11-12 years, Second molar: 12-14 years, Third molar: 17-25 years.

47XXY.

Sex refers to biological characteristics, while gender refers to sociological constructs and social identity.

It may give a precise estimation of an individual’s date of birth.

Excessive production of testosterone by the adrenal glands.

The male pelvis has a heart-shaped pelvic brim, while the female pelvis has a circular or elliptical shaped pelvic brim.

The male pelvis has a conical, funnel-shaped pelvic cavity, while the female pelvis has a broad, round pelvic cavity.

For males, the index ranges from 4–5, and for females, it ranges from 5–6.

Less than 42.

Taurodontism is an aberration of teeth characterized by elongated pulp chambers and apical displacement of roots, giving it a rectangular shape. It is commonly seen in Mongoloids.

Complexion, eye color, hair type, skull shape, indices of long bones, and other physical features.

Disorder of sexual development (DSD).

Teeth are composed of dentin covered on the crown by enamel and on the root by cementum, which is attached to the alveolar bone by the periodontal membrane.

Failure to develop male characteristics and development as female.

Two sets: temporary/deciduous/milk teeth and permanent teeth.

The male mandible has a square or U-shaped chin, while the female mandible has a rounded chin.

The angle is less obtuse and prominent in the male mandible, while it is more obtuse and not prominent in the female mandible.

Possession of ovaries in females, and testes in males.

Autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, leg ulcers, osteopenia, osteoporosis, tumors (breast and germ cells), gonadotroph adenoma, gonadotroph hyperplasia, liver adenoma, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren syndrome.

In the male sacrum, it extends up to the 3rd segment, while in the female sacrum, it extends up to the 2–2½ segment.

Physical morphology, nuclear sexing, gonadal biopsy, and gene-based tests.

The clavicle is the first bone to ossify, with a secondary center forming between 15–17 years and fusing by 20–22 years.

Barr body.

A tooth has a crown, neck, and a root embedded in the jaw bone.

Mutation in the androgen receptor gene.

The sex of human skeletal remains.

Female external genitalia, normal size breasts, primary amenorrhea, and scanty or absent axillary and pubic hair.

It is useful in estimating age up to 15 years.

Ambiguous genitalia at birth.

Karyotyping using lymphocytes or fibroblasts, or by determining the presence of RNA for X-inactive-specific transcriptase (XIST) in peripheral blood leukocytes by polymerase chain reaction. Serum testosterone is low, and FSH, LH, and estradiol are elevated.

They include attrition, periodontosis, secondary dentin, cementum apposition, root resorption, and root transparency.

45XO.

By grinding the tooth down on glass slabs from both sides to about 1 mm, which allows estimation of transparency, then further grinding to about ¼ mm for microscopic examination.

For males, it is less than 114, and for females, it is greater than 114.

It is the condensed, inactive, single X-chromosome found in the nuclei of somatic cells of most females and is the basis of sex determination tests.

Race, religion, sex, age, teeth, general development and stature, anthropometric measurements, fingerprints, lip prints, footprints, external peculiarities, hair, personal effects.

Quinacrine dihydrochloride.

Klinefelter syndrome.

Heredity, environment, nutrition, and endocrine factors.

Temporary teeth are smaller, lighter, narrower, have a more constricted neck, and have smaller, more divergent roots compared to permanent teeth.

The mandibular third molar.

Cardiovascular disease.

Sports, pre-employment, and sex-specific crimes.

Anterior teeth are more suitable than posterior teeth. Merit decreases from incisors to premolars, and molars are quite unsuitable.

By visual and microscopic examination, optical scanner and radiogrammetric measurements, identifying Y-chromosome in dental pulp tissue, and isolation of sex-specific banding patterns in DNA profiles of X and Y-chromosomes.

Cobblers or tailors usually show notched upper incisors from wear and tear, while dark brown stains on the back of incisors are seen in 'cigarette smokers'.

By using criteria like eruption and calcification of teeth, Stack’s method, Miles method, Boyde’s method, and Gustafson’s method.

It is a method of sexing cells used to determine sex in doubtful cases, decomposed and mutilated bodies, and fragmentary remains.

The male pelvis is massive, rougher, and has prominent muscular markings, while the female pelvis is less massive, slender, smoother, and with less prominent muscular markings.

It assesses the amount of wear on all three permanent molars at comparable rates and measures the thickness of enamel and dentin from neonatal line to determine age at death.

Dental eruption, epiphyseal unions, pubic symphyseal morphology, cranial suture closures, mandibular and sacral changes, secondary sexual characters, and age-related degenerative conditions.

Differences include general appearance, forehead shape, cranial capacity, glabella prominence, and more.

Delay in onset of puberty, gynecomastia at puberty, absence of axillary and pubic hair, eunuchoidism, tall stature, abnormal body proportions, firm and fibrotic testes, azoospermia, mental deficiency, and problems with coordination and social skills.

The male sacrum is uniformly curved anteriorly, while the female sacrum is abruptly curved at the last two segments.

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

1 in 2,500 newborns.

Muscular markings are prominent in the male mandible and not prominent in the female mandible.

Brachial index, crural index, humero-femoral index, and intermembral index.

100%.

Formation of a bony crypt followed by mineralization of crown tips.

The male pelvis has a deep funnel shape, while the female pelvis has a flat bowl shape.

It involves estimation of nitrogen content (increases with age), carbonate content (decreases with age), and concentration of ions—Cu, Se, and Fe (increases with age).

In the male sacrum, it is more than the breadth of one side ala, while in the female sacrum, it is less than the breadth of one side ala.

Intersex conditions, transvestism, transgender, transsexuals, concealed sex, and advanced decomposition.

They can be found in most Mongoloids and Americans, indicating a racial determinant.

Dolichocephalic, brachycephalic, mesaticephalic.

The principle that it must be proven that a crime has actually occurred before a person can be convicted of committing the crime.

They are unaltered even after death.

Root mineralization does not begin until crown formation is complete.

The male pelvis has a large acetabulum with a 52 mm diameter, while the female pelvis has a small acetabulum with a 46 mm diameter.

Male sacrum is larger, heavier, rough, and narrow, while the female sacrum is smaller, lighter, smooth, and broad.

The male pelvis has a narrow, deep, and small greater sciatic notch, while the female pelvis has a broad, shallow, and large greater sciatic notch.

Possession of sexual structures, e.g. developed breasts and vagina in females, and male distribution of hair and penis in males.

Turner syndrome.

To decide whether an individual can exercise certain civil rights extended to one sex only, and for deciding questions relating to legitimacy, divorce, paternity, marriage, impotence, rape, and affiliation.

Anatomically female, pass in external genitalia examination, but have false negative Barr body testing. This condition can be recognized at birth by lymphedema.

It is based on the counting of incremental lines in dental cementum added to the average age of tooth eruption for the estimation of the age at death.

CI = (Maximum transverse breadth of skull / Maximum anteroposterior length of skull) × 100.

Sternum.

95%.

The duration from the eruption of the first permanent molar till before the eruption of the last permanent canine, when both temporary and permanent teeth are present in the jaw.

Identifying the sex of human skeletal remains.

The male pelvis has a large, oval obturator foramen with the base upwards, while the female pelvis has a small, triangular obturator foramen with the apex forwards.

Amino acid racemization.

For males, the index ranges from 73–94, and for females, it ranges from 91–115.

The male mandible has rearward angulation of the posterior border of ramus, while the female mandible has a straight ramus.

The determination of the individuality of a person based on certain physical characteristics.

Hyperpigmented spots found over the lumbosacral region of infants, which occur in people of different races and help in racial identification.

Ovotesticular DSD (true hermaphroditism).

General built, scalp hair, facial hair, pubic hair, Adam’s apple, shoulders, waist, trunk, thighs, breasts, uterus and vagina, penis, and gonads.

Male mandible is larger and thicker, while the female mandible is smaller and thinner.

Normal production of testosterone and normal conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

The angle is everted in the male mandible and inverted in the female mandible.

46.2.

Complete (absolute) and Partial (incomplete).

For females, testosterone levels should be < 10 nmol/l, which is lower than the lower limit of normal for males.

a. Super-added permanent teeth b. Successional permanent teeth.

Fluorescent Feulgen reaction using Acriflavin Schiff reagent.

Central incisor: 6-8 months, Lateral incisor: 7-9 months, First molar: 12-14 months, Canine: 17-18 months, Second molar: 20-30 months.

Short stature, webbed neck, micrognathia, high-arched palate, ptosis with low-set ears, low hairline, widely spaced nipples, cubitus valgus, short fourth metacarpals, hyperconvex nails, lymphedema of hands and feet, pigmented nevi, keloid formation, learning disability, cardiovascular anomalies, renal abnormalities, increased urinary gonadotrophin exertion, sexual infantilism, high incidence of osteoporosis, type II diabetes.

The male pelvis has a V-shaped, sharp angle with a 70°–75° angle, while the female pelvis has a U-shaped, rounded, and broader angle with a 90°–100° angle.

The male mandible has greater body height at symphysis, while the female mandible has smaller body height at symphysis.

It is important in any chain of identity data and determination of the individuality of a person.

During the course of aging, L-forms of amino acids are transformed by racemization to D-forms. The extent of racemization of amino acids may be used to estimate the age.

Tibia, humerus, ulna, and radius.

Gonadal dysgenesis.

To identify the Barr body (sex chromatin) in the nuclei of somatic cells, which is the basis of sex determination tests.

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (cAIS).

It involves microscopic examination of longitudinal tooth sections to assess changes due to wear and tear, and is useful only for examining dead bodies or skeletal remains.

1 in 500; chances are more with increasing maternal age.

Evaluation for childhood short stature, confirmation of hypogonadism in girls with high serum levels of FSH and LH, and a karyotype showing 45XO.

The male mandible has greater breadth in the ascending ramus, while the female mandible has smaller breadth.

Radiocarbon analysis of tooth enamel based on levels of radiocarbon present in tooth enamel.