Lecture 20 -- Digestive system

The enteric nervous system includes ___ reflexes that occur within the gastrointestinal wall.

Bile flows in the ___ direction of blood in the liver.

The liver contains ___ which are arranged in plates around the sinusoids.

One of the functions of the liver is ___ interconversion.

The ___ is located below the ascending colon in the large intestine.

The ___ is the part of the large intestine that connects to the anus.

The ___ comes off the cecum in the large intestine.

The ___ is found at the bottom center of the large intestine.

The ___ is located on the left side of the large intestine.

The exocrine part of the pancreas consists of ___ cells that secrete digestive enzymes.

The large intestine is responsible for ___ unabsorbed food into feces by absorbing water.

One of the functions of the large intestine is ___, which involves the elimination of waste from the body.

The large intestine contains ___ that play a role in digestion.

The large intestine also serves the function of ___, which involves holding fecal matter until it is ready to be expelled.

A key function of the large intestine is ___, which helps move contents through the digestive tract.

The transverse colon is located at the ___ of the large intestine.

The ___ is the first part of the digestive system where food enters the body.

The ___ is a muscular organ in the mouth that helps in the manipulation of food.

The ___ is a tube that connects the throat to the stomach.

The ___ produces bile, which helps in the digestion of fats.

The ___ stores bile produced by the liver until it is needed for digestion.

The ___ are glands that produce saliva to aid in digestion.

The ___ is the organ where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs.

The ___ is the final part of the digestive tract, where waste is expelled from the body.

The process of taking food into the body is called ___.

The process of breaking down food into smaller pieces is known as ___.

The movement of food through the digestive tract is referred to as ___.

The breakdown of food into simpler chemical compounds occurs during ___.

The process by which nutrients are taken into the bloodstream is called ___.

The elimination of indigestible substances from the body is known as ___.

The innermost layer of the digestive tract wall is called ___.

The ___ nerve plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa.

The layer of the digestive tract that contains glands and lymphatic vessels is known as ___.

The outermost layer of the digestive tract wall is referred to as ___.

The ___ muscle and longitudinal muscle are components of the muscularis externa.

The connective tissue and epithelium are part of the ___.

The ___-associated lymphoid tissue is found within the mucosa.

The ___ contains the myenteric and submucosal nerve plexuses.

___ stimuli include sight, smell, taste, and thought of food in the enteric nervous system.

___ impulses are responsible for transmitting signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system.

The response in the enteric nervous system leads to a change in ___ or secretory activity.

___ neurons are found within the intrinsic plexus of the enteric nervous system.

The process of ___ involves the intake of food in the oral cavity.

___ is the term used for the swallowing process in the oral cavity.

The mechanical digestion in the oral cavity is known as ___.

The salivary glands supply ___ and ___ for chemical digestion in the oral cavity.

The ___ is the part of the oral cavity that forms the roof of the mouth.

The ___ is a muscular structure that helps in the manipulation of food and is also involved in speech.

The ___ is located at the back of the mouth and helps in the swallowing process.

The ___ connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

The ___ are the structures that surround the opening of the mouth and help in its closure.

Adult humans typically have ___ teeth.

The upper teeth are referred to as ___ teeth.

The lower teeth are referred to as ___ teeth.

Teeth are divided into ___ quadrants.

Most adults have only ___ teeth due to the absence of wisdom teeth.

The central incisor erupts at ___ months and is lost at ___ years.

The lateral incisor erupts at ___ months and is lost at ___ years.

The canine erupts at ___ months and is lost at ___ years.

The first molar erupts at ___ months and is lost at ___ years.

The second molar erupts at ___ months and is lost at ___ years.

Food travels through the ___ cavity before entering the oropharynx.

After the oropharynx, food moves into the ___ pharynx.

The final part of the food travel pathway is the ___.

The process by which food moves through the digestive tract is called ___.

The ___ esophageal sphincter is located at the upper end of the esophagus.

The ___ esophageal sphincter is located at the lower end of the esophagus.

The ___ connects the stomach to the esophagus.

The stomach has three layers in the muscularis externa: Longitudinal layer, Circular layer, and ___ layer.

The ___ is the part of the stomach that curves upwards.

The ___ is the first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach.

The ___ regulates the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.

The primary function of the stomach includes ___, propulsion, and mechanical digestion.

In the stomach, chemical digestion converts ___ into peptides.

The small intestine consists of three parts: the duodenum, ___, and ___.

The duodenum makes up approximately ___% of the small intestine.

The jejunum is located in the ___ quadrant of the abdomen.

The ileum is found in the ___ quadrant of the abdomen.

The ileum constitutes about ___% of the small intestine.

The primary functions of the small intestine include ___, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and absorption.

In the small intestine, ___ digestion occurs with the help of enzymes embedded in epithelial cells or from the pancreas.

The process of ___ in the small intestine involves contraction waves that help mix and move the contents.

The circular folds of the small intestine are made up of ___ and ___.

The purpose of circular folds in the small intestine is to increase the ___ for absorption.

The small finger-like projections that cover the circular folds are called ___.

Villi are tiny, finger-like projections of ___ in the small intestine.

The structure of villi in the small intestine is designed to increase the ___ for absorption.

The ___ are located at the top of the villus and play a role in absorption.

The middle of the villus contains a ___, which is important for fat absorption.

Blood capillaries are found at the ___ of the villus, facilitating nutrient transport.

Microvilli are cytoplasmic extensions of ___ cells.

The surface area for absorption is increased by the presence of ___ on epithelial cells.

Microvilli are sometimes referred to as the ___ border.

The liver and pancreas secretions enter the ___ part of the small intestine.

The liver is connected to the gallbladder, which is a small ___ sac.

The pancreas is located behind the ___.

The duodenum is shaped like a ___.

The ___ connects the liver to the small and large intestines.

The hepatic veins drain the liver and connect to the ___ .

The ___ is located near the liver and the large intestine.

In the liver, blood flows in from ___ veins and exits via the ___ vein.

The liver lobules are arranged in a ___ shape.

The liver is responsible for ___, which involves breaking down harmful substances.

The liver contains immune cells known as ___ cells.

The liver produces ___, which is essential for digestion.

The liver is involved in the production of blood proteins and ___ factors.

The liver stores ___, fat, vitamins, copper, and iron.

The gallbladder is a ___ sac located on the inferior surface of the liver.

The primary function of the gallbladder is to store ___ between meals.

The pancreas is composed of both ___ and ___ glands.

Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete ___.

Beta cells in the pancreatic islets secrete ___.

The ___ is the horseshoe-shaped organ that extends from the ileum to the anus.

The circular muscle layer of the large intestine is ___.

The longitudinal muscle layer of the large intestine is ___.

The three muscular bands in the large intestine are called ___.

When the teniae coli constrict, they form pouches known as ___.

The epiploic appendages of the large intestine are filled with ___.

The primary function of the rectum is the ___ of feces.

The anal canal contains the ___ anal sphincter and the ___ anal sphincter.