(EdJ) Berkowitz (2012)

They include neglecting the prototypic nature of anger, the role of aversiveness, and the connection between anger arousal and aggression-related impulses.

They may experience heightened sensitivity to stress and elevated blood pressure.

Interference with plans or goals, perceived harm, and judgments of illegitimacy regarding frustrations or interruptions.

It suggests that automatically activated nonconscious goals can restrain open anger reactions with minimal psychological costs.

Cognitive-neoassociation perspective.

He distinguishes between proactive/instrumental aggression and affective reactions to specific precipitating circumstances.

They can effectively restrain the anger experience with little psychological and physiological cost.

They often fail to account for involuntary, automatic reactions to situational events.

That illegitimate frustrations are the only cause of anger.

Intense negative effects from aversive events, whether externally produced or internally derived.

They suggested initiating the regulatory process automatically and effortlessly, often outside of conscious awareness.

Aversive events can activate anger even at a low level of awareness.

Anger is often linked to approach inclinations rather than avoidance.

They may attack because they know they will feel better afterwards.

Insulted participants were less critical of their provocateur after watching them suffer, even though they had no role in causing the discomfort.

Frequent reappraisers reported feeling less anger and more positive emotions, and showed better adaptation to stress.

They are least punitive if the provocateur has been hurt, either by themselves or by another person.

The extent of heart rate reduction predicts how aggressive the provoked participants will be later.

They suggest that anger should be understood as prototypes rather than having definite characteristics.

The psychological closeness to the aggressive goal and the presence of aggression-related cues.

Individuals who have previously exercised self-control and then experienced anger tend to be more aggressive towards their provocateur.

These students exhibited the greatest increase in left frontal cortical activity, indicating a rise in anger-approach motivation.

Angry adolescents punished their provocateur more severely after watching a film showing pain cues than after seeing the victor's success.

Yes, there is a point where they believe their target has suffered enough, leading to a decrease in aggressive motivation.

It frequently included behaviors like verbally attacking, yelling, and clenching fists.

Angry individuals may feel more active, alert, proud, and strong.

They have strong psychophysiological reactions to triggering events despite suppressing their anger.

It depends on how closely their feelings resemble the prototypic conception of anger they have in mind.

Pain cues can intensify anger-approach motivation by making provoked individuals feel closer to their goal of harming the aversive source.

Social skills training and a combination of reappraisal and relaxation training.

It requires considerable mental effort and is less effective with intense emotional states.

The classic notion of aggression catharsis is too simple; instead, aggression may be a response to perceived goal attainment.

Angry feelings are linked to approach motivation, driving movement toward the perceived source of anger.

The removal of an aversive situation, primarily by destroying the source.

Intensity is one feature that determines prototypicality, but it is not the only one.

They are broader cognitions linked to the understanding of anger.

They can lead to either 'fight' or 'flight' reactions.

They can intensify aggressive reactions even if the stimuli themselves are not aggressive.

It views anger as a specific syndrome of reactions linked to aggression, emphasizing automatic, nonconscious reactions.

Aversiveness of a critical event is a significant factor in the arousal of anger.

Many aggressive actions arise automatically from the immediate situation rather than from conscious decision-making.

They vary meaningfully in the degree to which they are members of the anger emotion category.

Participants recalled instances of anger that were not related to typical frustrations, such as accidental injuries.

Angry individuals may feel pleasure from knowing their target is suffering, as it brings them closer to their aggressive goal.

The combination of reappraisal and relaxation training.

There is a substantial reduction in systolic blood pressure and heart rate.

Ego depletion refers to the depletion of self-regulatory resources, making subsequent self-control efforts less successful.

Factors include fatigue, psychosocial stress, prior difficult tasks, negative affect, and low blood sugar levels.

Anger suppression may initially subdue anger-related thoughts and feelings but can lead to increased accessibility of anger-related material over time.

It emphasizes that anger can arise from aversive events and situational stimuli, not just from frustrations or blameworthy actions.

It reduces the person's capacity for additional self-control for a time afterwards.

It enhances the likelihood of attacks and primes thoughts of intentionally hurting others.

Anger-In (those who suppress anger) and Anger-Out (those who express anger openly).

Anger is understood through a script that includes antecedents, feelings, expressions, behaviors, physiological changes, and consequences in a causal sequence.

It emphasizes automatic reactions and aversive events rather than solely blameworthy or frustrating occurrences.

Angry individuals punished a provocateur more intensely after learning he had been hurt, indicating that pain cues heighten aggression.

They typically view anger as having specific characteristics and neglect the automatic, impulsive reactions associated with it.

Participants who reappraised upsetting conversations had better memory for those conversations than those who suppressed their emotions.

Tendency.

It briefly summarizes research on the self-regulation of anger reactions.

Blameworthiness is not a necessary feature of anger, although it is often linked to impropriety.

The 'fight' inclinations related to anger and aggression.

Participants adopting an angry pose were more likely to blame others compared to those adopting a sad pose.

Anger produces a readiness or predisposition to aggression, not necessarily an urge to assault.

They argue that psychologists should study everyday concepts of anger while remaining open to new conceptualizations.

Yes, cognitive processes can restrain attacks while still allowing the experience of anger.

Suppressors tend to express less positive emotions and have poorer interpersonal functioning compared to reappraisers.

They activate a fight/flight/freeze mechanism that prompts responses based on the stimulus context.

Before emotion develops, strategies include situation modification and reappraisal; after, it involves response suppression.

Reappraisal is more beneficial as it decreases the experience of negative emotions, while suppression often fails to do so.

A set of processes activated within a person after provocation that influences whether associated behaviors will occur.