What is the size range of a megakaryoblast?
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20-50 um in diameter.
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What is the size range of a megakaryoblast?
20-50 um in diameter.
What is the size range of a promegakaryocyte?
20-60 um in diameter.
What may the cytoplasm of a promonocyte contain?
Fine dustlike azurophilic granules with a groundglass appearance.
What is the size range of a mature eosinophil cell?
9-15 um in diameter.
Are thrombocytes visible in a megakaryocyte?
No or Few.
What are the macrophages found in the liver called?
Kupffer cells.
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm in a band cell?
Moderate to abundant amount, giving a decreased NC ratio.
How are neutrophils present in the peripheral blood?
In two forms: segmented or band shape.
What is the color of the cytoplasm of platelets?
Light blue to purple.
What is the major function of neutrophils in the innate immune system?
Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign material and microorganisms.
What is the color of the cytoplasm of a promonocyte?
Blue-gray.
What is the size range of a mature megakaryocyte?
40-120 um in diameter.
What do monocytes/macrophages recognize using Toll-like receptors?
Bacterial pathogens.
What is monopoiesis?
The process of monocyte production.
Which form of neutrophils makes up the vast majority of circulating leukocytes?
Segmented neutrophils.
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of platelets?
None.
Are the specific granules in myelocytes larger than those in neutrophils?
Yes, they are larger.
How would you describe the cytoplasm of a granular megakaryocyte?
Pinkish blue in color, very fine and diffusely granular, and usually has an irregular peripheral border.
What does the cytoplasm of a mature megakaryocyte contain?
Coarse clumps of granules aggregating into little bundles, which bud off from the periphery to become platelets.
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of a granular megakaryocyte?
Small in comparison to cell size, multiple nuclei may be visible, and chromatin is coarser than the previous stage.
What are the smaller granules found in eosinophils?
Arylsulfatase, Peroxidase, Acid phosphatase, Histamine, Heparin, Eosinophulic chemotactic factor-A, Peroxidase.
Describe the nucleus of a megakaryoblast.
It is round, oval, or may be kidney-shaped, with a fine chromatin pattern and multiple nucleoli that generally stain blue.
What is the NC ratio in a mature megakaryocyte?
Less than 1:1.
Where do granules begin to form in a promegakaryocyte?
In the Golgi region.
What is the size range of platelets?
1-4 um in diameter.
What is the average survival time of monocytes in tissues?
30 hours.
How many lobes does the nucleus of segmented neutrophils normally have?
2 to 5 lobes connected by thin nuclear filament.
What are the specific granules found in neutrophils?
Lysozyme, Lactoferrin, Collagenase, Plasminogen activator, Aminopeptidase.
What can monocytes become depending on the tissue environment?
Macrophage, dendritic cell, or an osteoclast.
What are the functions of monocytes in innate immunity?
Phagocytosis and cytokine production.
How long can monocytes survive in tissues?
30 hours.
What is the name of the protein secreted by neutrophils that is involved in the transport of vitamin B12?
Transcobalamin I or R binder protein.
What is the color of the cytoplasm of a promyelocyte?
Pale blue to basophilic, full of primary azurophilic granules.
What is the size range of a myelocyte?
12-18 um in diameter.
What does the cytoplasm of a promyelocyte contain?
A few to many large blue to reddish purple staining nonspecific (primary) granules.
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm in a myelocyte?
Moderate amount, may contain few patches of blue, and few to moderate number of nonspecific granules.
What is the size range of segmented neutrophils?
9-15 um in diameter.
What is the innate function of leukocytes?
Phagocytosis by neutrophils.
What is the size range of a band cell?
9-15 um in diameter.
Describe the cytoplasm of a lymphoblast.
Nongranular, appears smooth, and is moderate to dark blue in color.
Describe the cytoplasm of a myeloblast.
It has a small amount in relation to the rest of the cell, is usually moderate blue in color, and has a smooth and usually nongranular texture.
What is the size range of small lymphocytes?
8 to 10 μm in diameter.
What is the typical shape of the nucleus in a myeloblast?
Round or slightly oval, occupying about four-fifths of the cell, with an NC ratio of 4:1 and an extremely fine chromatin pattern, appearing reddish purple in color.
What is the size range of a promyelocyte?
15-21 um in diameter.
What is the size range of mature basophil and mast cells?
10-16 um in diameter.
What is meant by 'housekeeping' in the context of monocyte function?
Routine maintenance and clearance of cellular debris.
What are the three major groups of T and B lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
What is the usual granularity of the cytoplasm in a prolymphocyte?
Usually nongranular, but may contain occasional azurophilic granules.
What is lymphopoiesis?
The process of lymphocyte production.
What color are the specific granules in myelocytes?
Pinkish or lighter staining.
What is the size range of a lymphoblast?
10-18 um in diameter.
What is the specific function of leukocytes?
Production of antibodies by lymphocytes and plasma cells.
What is the process by which neutrophils capture and destroy foreign material and microorganisms?
Phagocytosis.
Name the larger granules found in eosinophils.
Major Basic Protein (MBP), Phospolipase, Cathepsin, Eosinophil Cationic Protein, Eosinophil derived neurotoxin, Eosinophil protein X.
What is the process of neutrophils releasing extracellular traps to capture and kill pathogens?
Generation of NETs (NETosis).
How many nuclei are present in a mature megakaryocyte?
Multiple nuclei.
What is the size range of a monoblast?
12-20 um in diameter.
What is the capability of B and T lymphocytes?
They are capable of rearranging antigen receptor gene segments to produce a wide variety of antibodies and surface receptors.
What is the size of a metamyelocyte?
10-15 um in diameter.
Where do T and NK lymphocytes develop and mature?
Outside the bone marrow.
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm in a metamyelocyte?
Moderate to abundant amount, with a decreased NC ratio and few nonspecific granules.
Apart from their other functions, what else can monocytes do?
They can destroy red blood cells (RBCs).
Are the granules in basophil and mast cells water soluble?
Yes, they are water soluble and tend to wash out when stained.
What do platelets release to help in the coagulation process?
Alpha & Dense Granules.
What is megakaryopoiesis?
The process of producing megakaryocytes, the precursor cells of platelets.
What is the overall function of leukocytes?
Mediating immunity.
What is the color of the specific granules in the cytoplasm of segmented neutrophils?
Pink to rose-violet.
How do the specific granules in myelocytes appear initially?
Dirty orange to blue.
What is the size range of a promonocyte?
14-18 um in diameter.
What is the size range of a granular megakaryocyte?
30-90 um in diameter.
What determines the tissue destinations for monocytes?
Different patterns of chemokine receptors.
What is the size of a myeloblast?
15-20 um in diameter.
How do lymphocytes differ from other leukocytes?
Lymphocytes are not end cells, they are resting cells and undergo mitosis to produce memory and effector cells when stimulated.
What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of a megakaryoblast?
Varying shades of blue, usually darker than the myeloblast, may have small, blunt pseudopods, and nongranular.
What is the unique characteristic of lymphocytes' circulation?
Lymphocytes recirculate from the blood to the tissues and back to the blood.
What is the size of a prolymphocyte compared to a lymphoblast?
It may be the same size or smaller.
What is the main cytokine for thrombocytopoiesis?
Thrombopoietin (TPO).
What is the typical color of the cytoplasm in a prolymphocyte?
Moderate to dark blue.
What is the primary source of Thrombopoietin (TPO)?
The kidney.
What is the color of lymphocyte cytoplasm?
Blue.
What is synthesized in a metamyelocyte?
Tertiary granules (gelatinase granules).
Are thrombocytes visible in a promegakaryocyte?
No.
What is the role of T and B cells in tolerance?
They ignore self-antigens.
What happens to the chromatin pattern in the nucleus of a myelocyte?
It becomes coarser and more condensed.
What is the cellular response produced by T and B lymphocytes?
Attacking foreign organisms or cells.
What are the cytoplasmic granules like in the maturation stage of a metamegakaryocyte?
Aggregated.
What are the macrophages found in the lungs called?
Alveolar macrophages.
What are the macrophages found in the skin called?
Langerhans cells.
What are the macrophages found in the bone called?
Osteoclasts.
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of a lymphoblast?
The chromatin pattern is somewhat coarse, and it is round or oval in shape.
What is synthesized by monocytes/macrophages?
Nitric oxide.
In adaptive immunity, how do monocytes function?
As antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Describe the nucleus of a band cell.
Elongated or band-shaped, deeply indented from the metamyelocyte stage.
What is the size range of large lymphocytes?
12 to 16 μm in diameter.
What is the role of monocytes/macrophages in the removal of debris and dead cells?
At the site of infection or tissue damage, destruction of senescent RBCs, and maintenance of a storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis.
What is the shape of the nucleus in a monoblast?
Ovoid or round.
What are the nuclear features of a promegakaryocyte?
Double nuclei.
What are the two main functions of platelets in the coagulation process?
Adhesion and Aggregation.
What are the primary granules in neutrophils also known as?
Azurophilic granules.
What gives the cytoplasm of a monocyte a ground glass appearance?
The presence of many fine azurophilic granules.
What are the effector B cells known as?
Plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells.
Name some components found in the secretory granules (secretory vesicles) of neutrophils.
Lysozyme, Acetyltransferase, CD11b/CD18, ALP, Vesicle-associated membrane-2, CD10, CD13, CD14, CD16, Cytochrome b 558, Complement receptor-1.
What are the macrophages found in the peritoneum called?
Peritoneal macrophages.
Where are the reproductive organ macrophages found?
In the reproductive organs.
How does the cytoplasm of a promegakaryocyte compare to the previous stage?
It is more abundant than the previous stage.
Describe the nucleus of a promonocyte.
Oval, may have single fold or fissure, with 1 to 5 nucleoli and a fine chromatin pattern.
What is the size range of medium lymphocytes?
10 to 12 μm in diameter.
Which cells do macrophages and dendritic cells interact with?
T and B lymphocytes.
How would you describe the cytoplasm of a monoblast?
Moderately basophilic to blue-gray and nongranular.
What are the cytoplasmic granules like in the maturation stage of a promegakaryocyte?
Few.
What is the function of platelets during vessel injury?
To prevent loss of blood by forming platelet-plugs.
What is the shape of the nucleus in lymphocytes?
Round or oval.
What is the normal nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in a monoblast?
4:1 to 3:1.
What is the humoral response produced by T and B lymphocytes?
Producing antibodies.
Why may the outline of a monocyte be irregular?
Due to the presence of pseudopods.
What are immature B cells also known as?
Hematogones.
Name some components found in the secondary (specific) granules of neutrophils.
Collagenase, Gelatinase, Lactoferrin, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Transcobalamin I.
Where do mature T cells migrate to?
To secondary lymphoid organs or in the circulating blood.
What are the markers expressed by NK cells?
CD56, CD16, CD3, and CD7.
What is the characteristic of the granules in a band cell?
Few nonspecific granules and a full complement of specific granules.
What is the color of the specific granules in the cytoplasm of a mature eosinophil cell?
Reddish-orange.
What happens to the chromatin in the nucleus of a promegakaryocyte?
It becomes more coarse.
How many lobes does the nucleus of a mature eosinophil cell usually have?
2 lobes.
How does the cytoplasm of basophil and mast cells stain?
Slightly pink to colorless.
Where do monocytes remove debris in the body?
At sites of infection.
What color are the specific granules found in basophil and mast cells?
Dark-purple to blue-black.
What appears in the cytoplasm of a myelocyte?
Small, specific (secondary) granules.
How is the nucleus of a metamyelocyte described?
Indented or kidney shaped, with coarse and clumped chromatin pattern that stains dark purple.
What is the size range of a monocyte?
14-20 um in diameter.
What is the color of a monocyte's cytoplasm?
Blue-gray.
What are the tertiary granules in neutrophils?
Tertiary granules are another type of granules found in neutrophils.
What may be present in the cytoplasm of a monocyte?
Vacuoles.
Are thrombocytes visible in a metamegakaryocyte?
Yes.
What are the macrophages found in the spleen called?
Littoral cells.
What are the macrophages found in the lymph nodes called?
Dendritic cells.
What is the pattern of chromatin in the nucleus of a mature eosinophil cell?
Coarse, clumped chromatin pattern.
What type of immunity are T and B cells major players in?
Adaptive Immunity.
What is the color and texture of the nucleus in a monoblast?
Light blue purple in color, with fine, lacey chromatin and 1 to 2 nucleoli.
What is the shape of the nucleus in a myelocyte?
Oval or round.
What is released in cases of lack of platelets, which are larger than usual platelets?
Reticulated or Stress platelets.
What are the nuclear features of a megakaryocyte?
Two or more nuclei.
Where do B cells develop?
In the bone marrow as pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells.
Name some components found in the primary (azurophilic) granules of neutrophils.
Myeloperoxidase, Acid ß-glycerophosphate, Cathepsins, Defensins, Elastase, Proteinase 3, ß2-Microglobulin.
Does a monocyte have nucleoli in its nucleus?
No.
What are the macrophages found in the intestines called?
Intestinal macrophages.
What are the macrophages found in the synovium called?
Type A cell.
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of a promyelocyte?
It occupies half or more of the cell, with an NC ratio of 3:1 to 2:1, and has an oval or round shape with a coarser chromatin pattern.
What is the function of T and B cells in adaptive immunity?
They produce memory for reexposure.
Are nucleoli visible in lymphocytes?
No.
What are the secondary granules in neutrophils also known as?
Specific granules.
Where may the nucleus be located in a myelocyte?
It may be eccentric.
What are the nuclear features of a metamegakaryocyte?
Four or more nuclei.
What are the macrophages found in the brain called?
Microglia.
What are the functions of CD8+ T cells?
Kills target cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
What are the macrophages found in the kidneys called?
Renal macrophages.
Describe the nucleus of a prolymphocyte.
It is round, oval, or slightly indented, with a more clumped chromatin pattern and may contain 1 to 2 nucleoli.
What important cellular process do monocytes contribute to?
Protein synthesis.
How does the nucleus of basophil and mast cells appear?
Generally unsegmented or bilobed and does not appear as coarse as in the neutrophil or eosinophil.
What are the cytoplasmic granules like in the maturation stage of a megakaryocyte?
Numerous.
Are nucleoli present in the nucleus of a myelocyte?
No nucleoli present.
What are the secretory granules in neutrophils also known as?
Secretory vesicles.
What are the possible shapes of a monocyte's nucleus?
Round, kidney-shaped, or slightly lobulated (brainlike convulotion).
What are the two major categories of T cells based on expression?
CD4 and CD8.
What are NK cells also known as?
Large granular lymphocytes.
Where do T cells develop?
In the thymus as pro-T, pre-T, and immature T cells.
What are the functions of CD4 T cells?
T H 1 – intracellular pathogens, T H 2 – extracellular parasites (helminths), asthma, T H 17- extracellular bacteria and fungi.
What is the role of NK cells in the immune system?
Killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
