Why is it important to use calibrated devices for dosing?
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To ensure proper dosing.
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Why is it important to use calibrated devices for dosing?
To ensure proper dosing.
What devices should be used to measure or deliver volumes less than 1 ml?
Graduated pipet, syringe, or calibrated dropper.
What is the purpose of spatulas in pharmaceutical compounding?
For spatulating and mixing ingredients.
Which devices can be used for liquid measurement?
Syringes, pipettes, conical graduates, cylindrical graduates.
What is the purpose of using a graduated pipet?
To measure or deliver small volumes of liquid.
What is levigating?
The process of reducing particle size while mixing with a liquid.
What type of solvent is typically used in the recrystallization method?
Volatile solvent (e.g., alcohol).
What is the total weight of the preparation?
3000 mg.
What is a disadvantage of Wedgwood mortars and pestles?
They have less shearing efficiency and are less durable.
What tool is primarily used in trituration?
Mortar and pestle.
What is an ointment pad?
A preparation used for topical application, typically in a flat form.
What types of graduates are mentioned for liquid measurement?
Conical graduates and cylindrical graduates.
What is the primary use of mortars and pestles in pharmaceutical compounding?
For grinding and triturating substances.
What is the purpose of trituration in powder mixing?
To create a fine mixture of the components.
What technique uses a mesh to separate particles based on size?
Sieving.
What does the sedimentation rate measure?
The rate at which particles settle in a fluid.
What is a characteristic of Wedgwood mortars and pestles?
They are more attractive and white.
What is a specific type of spatula mentioned?
Micro spatulas.
What should never be used as liquid measurement devices without calibration?
Prescription bottles, nonvolumetric flasks, beakers, or household teaspoons.
What should you consider when selecting a liquid measurement device?
Always select the closest device that accommodates the desired volume.
What are ointment pads used for?
For preparing and manipulating ointments.
Why is direct trituration not used for hard crystalline structures?
Because of their hard crystalline structure.
Why is the BUD set at 6 months for this preparation?
Because there’s no water-containing ingredients.
What technique uses light energy to analyze particle size?
Light energy diffraction or light scattering.
What are the characteristics of glass mortars?
They are smooth, non-porous, and can stain drugs.
What technique should be applied while using the pestle during trituration?
Firmly hold the pestle and exert a downward pressure on the mortar.
What is levigation?
A process of reducing particle size by wetting the powder and grinding it.
What is a recommended alternative for measuring oily and viscous liquids?
Using a disposable syringe or measuring by weight rather than volume.
Which device is specifically mentioned for measuring small liquid volumes?
Syringe.
What process involves reducing particle size through grinding?
Trituration.
What is the BUD for the given preparation?
6 months.
What type of powders must be used for spatulation?
The powders must be fine and uniform.
What is cascade impaction?
A method for measuring particle size distribution by capturing particles on a series of plates.
What is trituration in the context of particle size reduction?
The continued rubbing of solid using a mortar and pestle to reduce the size.
What is the importance of not cross-contaminating in compounding?
To ensure the purity and effectiveness of each preparation.
What should be provided to patients when small or very accurate doses (<5 ml) are required?
A calibrated dropper, oral syringe, or similar device.
What method is commonly used for geometric dilution?
Trituration method.
What method can be used to reduce particle size through recrystallization?
Adding a volatile solvent.
What is trituration in powder blending?
The process of grinding powders into finer particles.
How many capsules are prepared in this formulation?
#10 capsules.
What is a key feature of heavy-duty mortars?
They are durable.
What is a common action performed with spatulas on a mortar surface?
Scraping.
What is an ointment slab?
A flat surface used for mixing and preparing ointments.
What is the ideal volume range for selecting a liquid measurement device?
± 20% of the desired volume.
What is a calibrated dropper used for?
To measure or deliver volumes less than 1 ml.
What is the total amount of cream base in the example?
200 mg of cream base.
What is spatulation?
Mixing small quantities of powders on an ointment slab or pad using a spatula.
What is the purpose of sifting in powder mixing?
To pass powders through sifters to achieve uniform particle size.
Where is tumbling commonly used?
In the industry for mixing large quantities of powders.
What is the primary use of spatulas in a laboratory?
Withdrawing small amounts of chemicals.
What does 'punching capsules' refer to?
A technique used to fill capsules with powdered medication.
What is required if you choose to use prescription bottles for measurement?
You must calibrate it yourself.
What is a challenge when measuring oily and viscous liquids?
They are difficult to remove from graduates and pipets, requiring long drainage time.
What is levigation?
A process to reduce particle size of a solid by triturating it in a mortar or spatulating it on an ointment slab with a small amount of liquid in which the solid is not soluble.
What tools are commonly used in the levigation process?
A mortar and an ointment slab or pad.
What is the purpose of using a small amount of liquid in levigation?
To facilitate the reduction of particle size without dissolving the solid.
What is geometric dilution?
Blending two or more powders of unequal quantities.
What is the function of an ointment slab?
To provide a flat surface for mixing and levigating ointments.
In the example provided, how much ZnO is mixed with the cream base?
100 mg of ZnO.
What is the method used for particle size reduction in hard crystalline structures?
Pulverization by intervention.
What is the purpose of blending/mixing powders?
To create a homogeneous mixture for uniform doses.
What is micromeritics?
The science of small particles.
Does spatulation involve particle size reduction?
No, it does not involve particle size reduction.
Which method involves examining particles under a microscope?
Microscopy.
What is the process after mixing coarse particles with a volatile solvent?
Evaporating the solvent to obtain fine powders.
When is spatulation particularly useful?
For creating eutectic mixtures.
Why is sifting not suitable for potent drugs?
Because it may lead to inconsistent dosing due to particle size variation.
What is laser holography used for in micromeritics?
To analyze particle size and shape.
How do ceramic mortars compare to Wedgwood?
They are similar but less durable and have less shearing efficiency.
What types of formulations should not be used with glass mortars?
Stain drugs and potent drugs.
What is the purpose of using mortars and pestles in pharmaceutical compounding?
For particle size reduction and preparing emulsions.
What process involves mixing dry chemicals with a liquid to create a paste?
Levigating.
What can be caused by improper use of spatulas?
Stains.
What is one of the uses of spatulas besides withdrawing chemicals?
Scraping other spatulas.
What is spatulation?
A method of mixing powders using a spatula on an ointment slab.
What is an example of a substance that can be reduced in particle size using recrystallization?
Camphor.
What are the active ingredients in the preparation?
Acetaminophen 650 mg and Codeine phosphate 100 mg.
What is tumbling in the context of powder mixing?
Mixing large quantities of powders in a motorized rotating container.
What should be done carefully when using Wedgwood mortars?
They should be cleaned carefully.
What is the purpose of transferring materials with a spatula?
To facilitate the handling of chemicals.
What is the difference between ointment and cream?
Ointments are oil-based, while creams are water-based.
