What vitamin do the kidneys help synthesize?
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Vitamin D.
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What vitamin do the kidneys help synthesize?
Vitamin D.
What is Bowman’s capsule?
A cup-like structure that encases the glomerulus and collects filtrate.
What components are monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Juxtaglomerular (granular) cells, macula densa, and mesangial cells.
Which artery supplies blood to the lower limbs?
External iliac artery.
What vein drains blood from the internal pelvic organs?
Internal iliac vein.
What is the primary function of the renal system?
To filter blood and produce urine.
What is one of the primary functions of the kidneys?
Filter blood, retaining proteins and blood cells while reabsorbing useful ions and molecules.
Where is the male bladder located in relation to the pubis?
Posterior to the pubis.
What is the purpose of the urinary bladder?
To store urine until it is excreted.
How does the permeability of capillary endothelium in the filtration membrane compare to other capillaries?
It is much more permeable than capillaries elsewhere.
What does the capillary endothelium prevent from passing through?
Blood cells.
Which vein drains blood from the pelvis and lower limbs?
Common iliac vein.
What is the filtration membrane?
A barrier that transmits most blood components, excluding blood cells and large proteins.
Why is the trigone a common site for bladder infections?
Because of its anatomical structure and location.
What are the main components of the renal system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
What is the role of the kidneys in the renal system?
To filter waste products from the blood and regulate fluid balance.
What is the function of the macula densa?
To act as sensors that monitor the flow or composition of tubular fluid.
What partially protects the kidneys?
The rib cage.
What are filtration slits?
Slits between podocyte foot processes that are about 30 nm wide.
What is located anterior to the female bladder?
Vagina.
What is the role of the urethra?
Urine excretion.
What are minor calyces?
Funnel-shaped chambers into which the renal papillae extend.
What is the length of a nephron?
Approximately 50-55 mm.
What specific structures of the urinary system should be described?
The structure of the kidney, ureters, and urinary bladder.
What is the primary function of the ureter?
Urine transport.
What shape are the renal pyramids?
Cone-shaped.
What is the nephron?
The functional unit of the kidney.
What type of endothelium is found in the capillaries of the filtration membrane?
Fenestrated endothelium.
Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney?
Because the liver is superior to the right kidney.
What is the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart?
Inferior vena cava.
What is the primary function of the ureters?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
What are rugae in the context of the urinary bladder?
Wrinkles that flatten when the bladder fills and reappear when it is empty.
What is located inferior to the female bladder?
Pelvic diaphragm.
What is the function of the ureters?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
What connects mesangial cells to the macula densa and granular cells?
Gap junctions.
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron.
What are the main parts of the nephron?
Renal corpuscle, renal tubule, collecting duct, papillary duct, and minor calyx.
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
It further adjusts the composition of urine through reabsorption and secretion.
Which vein drains blood from the lower limbs?
External iliac vein.
Where is the female bladder located in relation to the pubis?
Posterior to the pubis.
What are granular (juxtaglomerular) cells?
Enlarged smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole that secrete renin.
Where are the kidneys located?
Retroperitoneal organs in the abdominal cavity.
What can azotemia progress to?
Uremia, which includes symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia.
What are the functions of mesangial cells?
Support the glomerulus, phagocytize tissue debris, and regulate blood flow and filtration rate.
What is the function of the afferent arteriole in the nephron?
It supplies blood to the glomerulus.
Why does the basement membrane repel blood albumin?
Because blood albumin is negatively charged and less than 7 nm.
What is the primary focus of the learning outcome regarding the urinary system?
To understand the general structures and organization of the urinary system.
What is the charge of the filtration slits?
Negatively charged, serving as a final barrier to large anions such as proteins.
What happens to the rugae when the bladder fills?
They stretch and flatten.
What do the foot processes of podocytes wrap around?
The glomerular blood capillaries.
What solutes do the kidneys help regulate in the blood?
Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-).
What is the renal pelvis?
An enlarged chamber formed by the convergence of major calyces.
Which artery branches from the abdominal aorta and supplies the pelvis and lower limbs?
Common iliac artery.
What artery supplies blood to the internal pelvic organs?
Internal iliac artery.
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?
It reabsorbs nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the filtrate.
What is the trigone in the urinary system?
A triangle defined by the openings of the urethra and ureter.
What are the two main divisions of the kidney's internal anatomy?
Cortex and medulla.
What is the approximate size of a kidney?
About the size of a tightly clenched fist.
What is azotemia?
A high level of blood urea nitrogen due to kidney dysfunction.
What forms the major calyces?
The merging of minor calyces from several pyramids.
What size substances does the basement membrane exclude?
Substances larger than 8 nm.
What are the limbs of the loop of Henle responsible for?
They concentrate urine by reabsorbing water and salts.
What is the shape of the kidney?
Bean-shaped.
What do the kidneys excrete?
Metabolic waste, toxic molecules, excessive ions, and a small volume of water.
What is located anterior to the male bladder?
Rectum and seminal vesicle.
What is the function of the urethra?
To carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
What is the ureter?
A small-diameter tube.
What does the basement membrane consist of?
A layer of proteoglycan gel beneath the endothelial cell.
What charge does the basement membrane have?
Negatively charged.
What type of muscle is the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder?
Smooth muscle.
What is the shape of a podocyte?
Shaped like an octopus with a bulbous cell body and several thick arms.
How do granular cells respond to stimulation by the macula densa?
They dilate and constrict the arterioles.
From which vertebrae levels do the kidneys extend?
From T12 (Thoracic) to L3 (Lumbar).
What severe outcomes can result from untreated uremia?
Convulsion, coma, and death within a few days.
What is the main artery supplying blood to the abdominal region?
Abdominal aorta.
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A group of cells that monitor and adjust nephron activity.
What characteristic of the ureters makes them susceptible to obstruction?
Their narrow lumen can be easily obstructed by kidney stones.
What are the three parts of the male urethra?
Prostatic, membranous, and spongy.
What are the extensions of podocyte arms called?
Foot processes or pedicels.
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume?
By producing either a large volume of dilute urine or a small volume of concentrated urine.
What is located superior to the male bladder?
Prostate.
What is the diameter range of filtration pores in the capillary endothelium?
70 to 90 nm.
What does the efferent arteriole do?
It carries blood away from the glomerulus.
How does the female urethra compare to the male urethra?
The female urethra is relatively short.
What is the main function of the bladder?
Urine storage.
What do renal papillae represent?
The tips of the renal pyramids.
How many nephrons are approximately in each kidney?
About 1.3 million.
What role do the kidneys play in red blood cell synthesis?
They are involved in the synthesis of red blood cells.
What components make up the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
What is the glomerulus?
A network of capillaries involved in the filtration of blood.
What artery supplies blood to the kidneys?
Renal artery.
What vein carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys?
Renal vein.
