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What results from an insufficient T-cell response in HBV infection? A) Acute hepatitis B) Chronic hepatitis C) Fulminant hepatitis D) Hepatocellular carcinoma E) Cirrhosis
B) Chronic hepatitis Explanation: An insufficient T-cell response results in the development of chronic hepatitis.
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A? A) 1 week B) 2 weeks C) 1 month D) 3 months E) 6 months
C) 1 month Explanation: Hepatitis A has an incubation period of approximately 1 month before icteric symptoms start abruptly.
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p.21
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

What results from an insufficient T-cell response in HBV infection?
A) Acute hepatitis
B) Chronic hepatitis
C) Fulminant hepatitis
D) Hepatocellular carcinoma
E) Cirrhosis

B) Chronic hepatitis
Explanation: An insufficient T-cell response results in the development of chronic hepatitis.

p.2
Hepatitis A Virus

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A?
A) 1 week
B) 2 weeks
C) 1 month
D) 3 months
E) 6 months

C) 1 month
Explanation: Hepatitis A has an incubation period of approximately 1 month before icteric symptoms start abruptly.

p.2
Hepatitis B Virus

What percentage of Hepatitis B patients develop chronic hepatitis?
A) 1-2%
B) 5-10%
C) 20-30%
D) 40-50%
E) 60-70%

B) 5-10%
Explanation: Chronic hepatitis follows in 5% to 10% of patients infected with Hepatitis B.

p.5
Hepatitis A Virus

At what temperature and duration is Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) partially inactivated?
A) 34°C for weeks
B) 56°C for 30 minutes
C) 61°C for 20 minutes
D) 37°C for 72 hours
E) 2°C for 4 hours

C) 61°C for 20 minutes
Explanation: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is partially inactivated at 61°C for 20 minutes, indicating that higher temperatures can reduce its activity.

p.2
Hepatitis B Virus

How is Hepatitis B primarily transmitted?
A) Fecal-oral route
B) Through respiratory droplets
C) Parenterally by blood, sexual contact, and perinatally
D) By insect bites
E) Through contaminated water

C) Parenterally by blood, sexual contact, and perinatally
Explanation: Hepatitis B is caused by a hepadnavirus and is spread parenterally by blood, by sexual contact, and perinatally.

p.5
Hepatitis A Virus

How does Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) attach to hepatocyte receptors?
A) By direct fusion
B) By clathrin-dependent endocytosis
C) By budding
D) By exocytosis
E) By passive diffusion

B) By clathrin-dependent endocytosis
Explanation: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) attaches to hepatocyte receptors (HAVcr-1) and mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell possibly by clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

p.2
Hepatitis B Virus

What is the median incubation period for Hepatitis B?
A) 1 week
B) 2 weeks
C) 1 month
D) 3 months
E) 6 months

D) 3 months
Explanation: Hepatitis B has a median incubation period of approximately 3 months before icteric symptoms start insidiously.

p.2
Hepatitis B Virus

What serious condition is associated with Hepatitis B?
A) Diabetes
B) Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC)
C) Kidney failure
D) Heart disease
E) Stroke

B) Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC)
Explanation: Hepatitis B is associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC), a type of liver cancer.

p.21
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

What contributes to the development of hypersensitivity reactions in HBV infection?
A) Viral replication
B) Immune complexes formed between HBsAg and anti-HBs
C) Excessive T-cell response
D) Hepatocyte apoptosis
E) Viral latency

B) Immune complexes formed between HBsAg and anti-HBs
Explanation: Immune complexes formed between HBsAg and anti-HBs contribute to the development of hypersensitivity reactions (type III), leading to problems such as vasculitis, arthralgia, rash, and renal damage.

p.5
Hepatitis A Virus

What is the function of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) in Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) replication?
A) It degrades host cell mRNA
B) It allows direct translation of the polyprotein
C) It inhibits host cell ribosomes
D) It packages the viral RNA
E) It synthesizes viral DNA

B) It allows direct translation of the polyprotein
Explanation: The Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) allows direct translation of the polyprotein from the viral RNA, which is a crucial step in the replication process of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV).

p.21
Prevention and Vaccination

How do antibodies generated by vaccination protect against HBV infection?
A) By destroying infected hepatocytes
B) By preventing delivery of the virus to the liver
C) By neutralizing the virus in the bloodstream
D) By enhancing T-cell response
E) By inhibiting viral replication

B) By preventing delivery of the virus to the liver
Explanation: Antibodies generated by vaccination protect against initial infection by preventing delivery of the virus to the liver.

p.21
Epidemiology and Transmission

How much more contagious is HBV compared to HIV-1?
A) 10 times
B) 100 times
C) 500 times
D) 1,000 times
E) 2,500 times

E) 2,500 times
Explanation: By blood, HBV is 2,500 times more contagious than HIV-1.

p.2
Hepatitis A Virus

How is Hepatitis A primarily transmitted?
A) Through blood transfusions
B) By sexual contact
C) Fecal-oral route
D) Through respiratory droplets
E) By insect bites

C) Fecal-oral route
Explanation: Hepatitis A is caused by a picornavirus and is primarily spread by the fecal-oral route.

p.21
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

What is responsible for causing the symptoms and resolving HBV infection?
A) Viral replication
B) Cell-mediated immunity and inflammation
C) Antibody production
D) Hepatocyte regeneration
E) Viral latency

B) Cell-mediated immunity and inflammation
Explanation: Cell-mediated immunity and inflammation are responsible for causing the symptoms and effecting resolution of the HBV infection.

p.2
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

What is a common symptom of hepatitis infections?
A) Headache
B) Jaundice
C) Rash
D) Cough
E) Fever

B) Jaundice
Explanation: Hepatitis infections cause inflammatory responses that damage the liver, leading to the classic icteric symptoms of jaundice and the release of liver enzymes.

p.2
Prevention and Vaccination

What is available to prevent Hepatitis B infection?
A) Antibiotics
B) Antiviral medication
C) HBV subunit vaccine
D) Herbal remedies
E) Probiotics

C) HBV subunit vaccine
Explanation: The HBV subunit vaccine is available to prevent Hepatitis B infection.

p.21
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

What happens to CD8 T cells during chronic HBV infection?
A) They proliferate excessively
B) They become exhausted
C) They become resistant to infection
D) They produce more antibodies
E) They undergo apoptosis

B) They become exhausted
Explanation: Chronic infection also exhausts CD8 T cells.

p.5
Hepatitis A Virus

Which of the following treatments can inactivate Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
A) Ether
B) Chloroform
C) Detergents
D) Chlorine treatment of drinking water
E) Salt water

D) Chlorine treatment of drinking water
Explanation: Chlorine treatment of drinking water is one of the methods that can inactivate Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), making it an effective measure for controlling the virus.

p.21
Diagnosis and Laboratory Testing

When is an individual highly infectious with HBV?
A) When only HBsAg is detected in the blood
B) When only HBeAg is detected in the blood
C) When vDNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg are detected in the blood
D) When only vDNA is detected in the blood
E) When no viral components are detected in the blood

C) When vDNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg are detected in the blood
Explanation: An individual is highly infectious when the vDNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg components of the virion can be detected in the blood.

p.5
Hepatitis A Virus

What role does the VP4 protein play in the uncoating process of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
A) It binds to the host cell membrane
B) It opens a pore in the host endosomal membrane
C) It degrades the viral RNA
D) It inhibits host cell protein synthesis
E) It facilitates viral replication

B) It opens a pore in the host endosomal membrane
Explanation: During the uncoating process, the capsid undergoes a conformational change and releases VP4, which opens a pore in the host endosomal membrane, allowing the viral genomic RNA to penetrate into the host cell cytoplasm.

p.2
Epidemiology and Transmission

What proportion of the world's population has been infected with Hepatitis B?
A) Less than 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) More than one-third
E) Half

D) More than one-third
Explanation: More than one-third of the world's population has been infected with Hepatitis B.

p.21
Hepatitis B Virus

What form does the HBV genome take when it remains in the nucleus for long periods?
A) Linear DNA
B) Small circular DNA minichromosomes
C) RNA
D) Double-stranded RNA
E) Single-stranded DNA

B) Small circular DNA minichromosomes
Explanation: The HBV genome remains in the nucleus as small circular DNA minichromosomes, which can generate virus and HBsAg.

p.5
Hepatitis A Virus

Which of the following conditions can Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) remain stable in?
A) Acid at pH 1
B) Chlorine treatment of drinking water
C) Formalin (0.35%, 37°C, 72 hours)
D) Peracetic acid (2%, 4 hours)
E) Ultraviolet radiation (2 µW/cm²/min)

A) Acid at pH 1
Explanation: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is stable in acidic conditions at pH 1, which is one of the characteristics that allow it to survive in harsh environments.

p.2
Hepatitis A Virus

Which of the following is true about Hepatitis A?
A) It causes chronic liver disease
B) It has a self-limiting course of illness
C) It is associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma
D) It is spread by blood
E) It has a high fatality rate

B) It has a self-limiting course of illness
Explanation: Hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease and has a self-limiting course of illness, rarely causing fatal disease.

p.21
Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

What characteristic cytopathology is produced by the intracellular buildup of filamentous forms of HBsAg?
A) Ballooning degeneration
B) Ground-glass hepatocyte
C) Steatosis
D) Apoptosis
E) Necrosis

B) Ground-glass hepatocyte
Explanation: Intracellular buildup of filamentous forms of HBsAg can produce the ground-glass hepatocyte cytopathology characteristic of HBV infection.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder