What does ICF stand for?
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Intracellular Fluid.
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What does ICF stand for?
Intracellular Fluid.
What is the term for a solution's ability to generate osmotic pressure based on particle dissociation?
Osmolarity.
What is the significance of Vander's work from 2008?
It provides foundational knowledge in physiology.
What role does feedback play in homeostasis?
Feedback mechanisms help to maintain homeostasis by responding to changes in the internal environment.
What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?
Osmolarity measures the concentration of solute particles in a liter of solution, while osmolality measures the concentration of solute particles in a kilogram of solvent.
What type of membrane is involved in osmosis?
A semipermeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
How do functional units contribute to homeostasis?
They work together to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
What are the types of membrane transport?
The main types of membrane transport include passive transport, active transport, and facilitated diffusion.
How does secondary active transport differ from primary active transport?
Secondary active transport relies on the energy from the electrochemical gradient rather than direct ATP hydrolysis.
What are the two main types of fluid in the body's internal environment?
Intracellular fluid (ICF) and interstitial fluid (ISF).
What is the significance of the concentration gradient in membrane transport?
It drives the movement of substances during passive transport.
What is secondary active transport?
A process that uses the energy from the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport to move substances across a membrane.
What does ISF stand for?
Interstitial Fluid.
Can you give an example of primary active transport?
The sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump).
What role do proteins play in membrane transport?
They facilitate the movement of specific molecules across the membrane.
What is one osmole equal to?
1 mol of osmotically active solute particles.
What role do proteins play in facilitated diffusion?
They assist in transporting substances across the cell membrane.
What is the primary function of cell membranes?
To regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Why are functional units important in physiology?
They allow for the organization and specialization of biological processes within an organism.
What is the preferred unit for measuring osmolarity in discussions of human physiology?
Osm/kg H2O.
Why is Osm/kg H2O preferred over osmolarity?
Because mass is invariant, while water volume can change with temperature.
What is primary active transport?
A process that uses energy, typically from ATP, to move ions or molecules against their concentration gradient.
What types of ions can pass through ion channels?
Common ions include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-).
What is membrane transport?
The process by which substances move across a cell membrane.
What is the primary component of the internal environment of the body?
Plasma and interstitial fluid.
What is the main function of primary active transport?
To maintain concentration gradients across membranes.
What are the two main types of transport across cell membranes?
Passive transport and active transport.
What role do membrane proteins play in transport?
They facilitate the movement of substances across the membrane.
Can you give an example of a functional unit?
An example is the nephron in the kidney, which is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
What is an ion channel?
A protein structure that allows ions to pass through the cell membrane.
What is the osmolarity of a 1 mmol/L glucose solution?
1 milliosmole (mOsm).
What types of substances typically use facilitated diffusion?
Polar molecules and ions that cannot easily cross the lipid bilayer.
What is the mass of a liter of water at 4 °C?
1 kg.
What separates the internal environment from the external environment?
Cell membranes and organ systems.
What are intercellular chemical messengers?
Substances that facilitate communication between cells.
What is the significance of concentration gradients in transport?
They drive the movement of molecules during passive transport.
What is the definition of homeostasis?
The process by which a living organism regulates its internal environment to maintain stable, constant conditions.
What is facilitated diffusion?
A process that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special proteins.
What does tonicity refer to?
The osmolality of a solution relative to plasma.
How many osmotically active particles does NaCl dissociate into in solution?
Two particles (Na+ and Cl-).
What role do intercellular chemical messengers play in homeostasis?
They help maintain balance and regulate bodily functions.
What is the concept of homeostasis?
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Is facilitated diffusion an active or passive transport mechanism?
It is a passive transport mechanism, meaning it does not require energy.
What energy source is primarily used in primary active transport?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
What is the osmolarity of a 1 mmol/L NaCl solution?
~2 mOsm.
What role do ion channels play in cellular function?
They regulate the flow of ions in and out of cells, influencing electrical signals and cellular activities.
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across a membrane without the use of energy.
What is the primary function of intercellular chemical messengers?
To transmit signals and regulate physiological processes.
Can secondary active transport be symport or antiport?
Yes, it can involve either symport (moving substances in the same direction) or antiport (moving substances in opposite directions).
What is passive transport?
The movement of molecules across the membrane without the use of energy.
Can you name a type of intercellular chemical messenger?
Hormones.
What happens to water volume as temperature increases?
Water volume increases, causing osmolarity to fall slightly.
What drives the process of osmosis?
The concentration gradient of solutes.
What is the result of osmosis in a biological context?
It helps maintain cell turgor and regulates fluid balance.
What are functional units in physiology?
They are the smallest units that perform specific functions necessary for the survival and maintenance of the organism.
What role does the electrochemical gradient play in secondary active transport?
It provides the energy needed to transport substances against their concentration gradient.
How are ion channels gated?
They can be voltage-gated, ligand-gated, or mechanically gated, depending on the mechanism that opens or closes them.
What are the two main types of membrane transport?
Passive transport and active transport.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is active transport?
Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
How do intercellular chemical messengers affect target cells?
By binding to specific receptors on the target cells.
