Question 1

Nonpitting edema occurs when  ___ instead of the interstitium.

Accepted Answer

tissue cells swell

Question 2

Osmotic injury of neurons associated with demyelination can be avoided by limiting the correction of chronic hyponatremia to less than ___ to ___ mmol/L in 24 hours.

Accepted Answer

10, 12

Question 3

When interstitial fluid pressure rises to the positive pressure range, there is a ____

Accepted Answer

tremendous accumulation of free fluid in the tissues.

Question 4

Examples of potential spaces in the body include the  ___ cavities.

Accepted Answer

pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal

Question 5

Severe hypernatremia usually occurs only with rapid and large increases in plasma sodium concentration above ___ to ___ mmol/L.

Accepted Answer

158, 160

Question 6

When fluid flows freely through tissue spaces, the edema is referred to as ___ edema.

Accepted Answer

pitting

Question 7

In a 70-kg patient, the extracellular fluid volume is ___% of body weight.

Accepted Answer

20

Question 8

Infusion of a 5% glucose solution helps correct the increase in extracellular fluid osmolarity associated with ___.

Accepted Answer

dehydration

Question 9

Intracellular edema can occur due to three conditions: (1) hyponatremia, (2) depression of the ___ systems, and (3) lack of adequate nutrition.

Accepted Answer

metabolic

Question 10

The normal fluid pressure in potential spaces is typically ___ in the nonedematous state.

Accepted Answer

negative

Question 11

An increased plasma sodium concentration can be due to loss of water from the extracellular fluid or ___ sodium in the extracellular fluid.

Accepted Answer

excess

Question 12

Excess intracellular sodium ions cause osmosis of water ____ the cells.

Accepted Answer

into

Question 13

Three major safety factors prevent excessive fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces:

Accepted Answer

low compliance of the interstitium, increased lymph flow, and washdown of interstitial fluid protein concentration

Question 14

In the negative pressure range, small increases in interstitial fluid volume cause relatively large increases in ___ fluid hydrostatic pressure.

Accepted Answer

interstitial

Question 15

As lymph flow increases, the protein concentration of the interstitium tends to ___

Accepted Answer

decrease because larger amounts of protein are carried away.

Question 16

The total safety factor against edema is about ___ mm Hg. (this is the amount of pressure that can build up in the interstitial fluid before oedema occurs)

Accepted Answer

17

Question 17

In analyzing abnormalities of plasma sodium concentration, one should first determine whether the abnormality is caused by ____

Accepted Answer

a primary loss or gain of sodium or a primary loss or gain of water.

Question 18

When hyponatremia evolves slowly, the brain responds by transporting sodium, chloride, potassium, and ___ from the cells.

Accepted Answer

organic solutes

Question 19

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice, occurring in up to ___ to ___% of hospitalized patients.

Accepted Answer

15, 25

Question 20

Injury or local infection in any cavity can block the ___ drainage, causing isolated swelling.

Accepted Answer

lymph

Question 21

The total body fluid volume calculated is ___ liters.

Accepted Answer

42

assumed to be a 70kg patient

Question 22

The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues averages about ___ mm Hg.

Accepted Answer

−3

Question 23

A 5% glucose solution is often used to treat dehydration because it is nearly ___.

Accepted Answer

isosmotic

Question 24

In normal tissues with negative interstitial fluid pressure, virtually all the fluid is in ___ form.

Accepted Answer

gel

the fluid is ‘bound’ to proteoglycans to form the gel

Question 25

Conditions that can cause ____natremia include diarrhoea and vomiting

Accepted Answer

hyponaturemia

Question 26

Without adequate spacing provided by proteoglycan filaments, nutrients and electrolytes cannot be rapidly exchanged between the ___ and cells.

Accepted Answer

blood capillaries

Question 27

The compliance of the tissues is very low in the ___ pressure range.

Accepted Answer

negative

Question 28

Primary loss of water from the extracellular fluid results in ___ and dehydration.

Accepted Answer

hypernatremia

Question 29

Rapid changes in cell volume due to hyponatremia can cause ___ cell edema and neurological symptoms.

Accepted Answer

brain

Question 30

Proteoglycan filaments act as a spacer between ___ in the interstitial spaces.

Accepted Answer

cells

Question 31

Increased lymph flow can increase ___ to ___ fold when fluid accumulates in tissues.

Accepted Answer

10, 50

Question 32

Hyponatremia occurs when plasma sodium concentration is reduced more than a few milliequivalents below normal, which is about ___ mEq/L.

Accepted Answer

135-145

Question 33

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can lead to ____ and ___.

Accepted Answer

hyponatremia, overhydration

Question 34

Correction of hypernatremia can be achieved by administering a ___-osmotic sodium chloride or dextrose solution.

Accepted Answer

hypo

Question 35

Cirrhosis of the liver can cause edema by reducing plasma protein concentration and compressing ___ drainage vessels.

Accepted Answer

portal venous

Question 36

Proteins collect in the potential spaces due to leakage out of the ___, similar to the collection of protein in the interstitial spaces.

Accepted Answer

capillaries

Question 37

The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in the pleural cavity is normally about ___ to ___ mm Hg.

Accepted Answer

−7, −8

Question 38

Hypernatremia activates defense mechanisms that protect the cell from changes in ___.

Accepted Answer

volume

Question 39

Loss of proteins in urine is associated with ___ syndrome.

Accepted Answer

nephrotic

Question 40

Fluid in potential spaces is lubricated by a  ___ fluid.

Accepted Answer

viscous proteinaceous

Question 41

If plasma sodium concentration falls below ___ to ___ mmol/L, brain swelling may lead to seizures and coma.

Accepted Answer

115, 120

Question 42

Blockage of lymph flow can be severe with infections of the lymph nodes, such as those caused by ___

Accepted Answer

filarial nematodes.

Question 43

Lymphedema occurs when lymphatic function is impaired due to ____

Accepted Answer

blockage or loss of the lymph vessels.

Question 44

The fluid that accumulates in a "potential space" due to edema is called ___.

Accepted Answer

effusion

Question 45

The condition referred to as ___ occurs when there is transudation of large amounts of fluid and protein into the abdominal cavity.

Accepted Answer

ascites

this can arise from cirrhosis, as it compresses the portal system and not the systemic circulation

Question 46

The initial plasma osmolarity of the patient is ___ mOsm/L.

Accepted Answer

280 - 300

Question 47

Decreased plasma proteins lead to a fall in plasma colloid osmotic pressure, causing ___ capillary filtration.

Accepted Answer

increased