Guyton_and_Hall_Textbook_of_Medical_Physiology_14th_Ed chapter 25.2

Nonpitting edema occurs when ___ instead of the interstitium.

Osmotic injury of neurons associated with demyelination can be avoided by limiting the correction of chronic hyponatremia to less than ___ to ___ mmol/L in 24 hours.

When interstitial fluid pressure rises to the positive pressure range, there is a ____

Examples of potential spaces in the body include the ___ cavities.

Severe hypernatremia usually occurs only with rapid and large increases in plasma sodium concentration above ___ to ___ mmol/L.

When fluid flows freely through tissue spaces, the edema is referred to as ___ edema.

In a 70-kg patient, the extracellular fluid volume is ___% of body weight.

Infusion of a 5% glucose solution helps correct the increase in extracellular fluid osmolarity associated with ___.

Intracellular edema can occur due to three conditions: (1) hyponatremia, (2) depression of the ___ systems, and (3) lack of adequate nutrition.

The normal fluid pressure in potential spaces is typically ___ in the nonedematous state.

An increased plasma sodium concentration can be due to loss of water from the extracellular fluid or ___ sodium in the extracellular fluid.

Excess intracellular sodium ions cause osmosis of water ____ the cells.

Three major safety factors prevent excessive fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces:

In the negative pressure range, small increases in interstitial fluid volume cause relatively large increases in ___ fluid hydrostatic pressure.

As lymph flow increases, the protein concentration of the interstitium tends to ___

The total safety factor against edema is about ___ mm Hg. (this is the amount of pressure that can build up in the interstitial fluid before oedema occurs)

In analyzing abnormalities of plasma sodium concentration, one should first determine whether the abnormality is caused by ____

When hyponatremia evolves slowly, the brain responds by transporting sodium, chloride, potassium, and ___ from the cells.

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice, occurring in up to ___ to ___% of hospitalized patients.

Injury or local infection in any cavity can block the ___ drainage, causing isolated swelling.

The total body fluid volume calculated is ___ liters.

The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues averages about ___ mm Hg.

A 5% glucose solution is often used to treat dehydration because it is nearly ___.

In normal tissues with negative interstitial fluid pressure, virtually all the fluid is in ___ form.

Conditions that can cause ____natremia include diarrhoea and vomiting

Without adequate spacing provided by proteoglycan filaments, nutrients and electrolytes cannot be rapidly exchanged between the ___ and cells.

The compliance of the tissues is very low in the ___ pressure range.

Primary loss of water from the extracellular fluid results in ___ and dehydration.

Rapid changes in cell volume due to hyponatremia can cause ___ cell edema and neurological symptoms.

Proteoglycan filaments act as a spacer between ___ in the interstitial spaces.

Increased lymph flow can increase ___ to ___ fold when fluid accumulates in tissues.

Hyponatremia occurs when plasma sodium concentration is reduced more than a few milliequivalents below normal, which is about ___ mEq/L.

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can lead to ____ and ___.

Correction of hypernatremia can be achieved by administering a ___-osmotic sodium chloride or dextrose solution.

Cirrhosis of the liver can cause edema by reducing plasma protein concentration and compressing ___ drainage vessels.

Proteins collect in the potential spaces due to leakage out of the ___, similar to the collection of protein in the interstitial spaces.

The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure in the pleural cavity is normally about ___ to ___ mm Hg.

Hypernatremia activates defense mechanisms that protect the cell from changes in ___.

Loss of proteins in urine is associated with ___ syndrome.

Fluid in potential spaces is lubricated by a ___ fluid.

If plasma sodium concentration falls below ___ to ___ mmol/L, brain swelling may lead to seizures and coma.

Blockage of lymph flow can be severe with infections of the lymph nodes, such as those caused by ___

Lymphedema occurs when lymphatic function is impaired due to ____

The fluid that accumulates in a "potential space" due to edema is called ___.

The condition referred to as ___ occurs when there is transudation of large amounts of fluid and protein into the abdominal cavity.

The initial plasma osmolarity of the patient is ___ mOsm/L.

Decreased plasma proteins lead to a fall in plasma colloid osmotic pressure, causing ___ capillary filtration.