Psychology - memory

The primary effect refers to the phenomenon where items presented at the beginning of a list are recalled better than those in the middle.

The multi-store model of memory, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, describes memory as having three stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term, with three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Clive Wearing's case study illustrates the effects of severe amnesia, showing intact procedural memory while lacking short-term memory, supporting the multi-store model of memory.

The hippocampus is crucial for memory consolidation; without it, both long-term and short-term memory are permanently affected.

The recency effect refers to the phenomenon where items presented at the end of a list are recalled better than those in the middle.

Encoding is the process of turning sensory information into a form that can be used and stored by the brain.

Anterograde amnesia is a condition where a person cannot form new short-term memories while retaining intact long-term memories.

Retrieval refers to the process of recalling stored memories, which can also involve behavioral responses.

Case studies combine different methods, provide qualitative data with detailed descriptions, are conducted by qualified researchers, are unique to the participant, are longitudinal, and are not always generalizable.

Cognitive interview techniques include reinstating the context, reporting everything, reversing the order, and changing the perspective to improve recall.

The duration of short-term memory is approximately 18 seconds.

Schema theory posits that memory is organized into patterns of thought or behavior that categorize information and their relationships, helping to fill gaps during recall.

Reductionism is the belief that behavior can be explained by examining individual parts, while holism looks at behavior as a whole.