Foundations (2024-25 Sem 1)

It consists of two isolated pad footings tied together by a cantilever beam.

It can cause damage to structures.

In terms of the pattern of loading taken and the way to construct the pile.

Collapse of buildings.

Soil conditions (shear strength, compressibility, settlements, etc.) and types of structure (R.C., steel, cross walls, columns & beams, etc.).

A foundation system where a footing cannot receive the column directly above it, often due to existing structural elements.

A type of deep foundation created by drilling a hole into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

It relates to the contract period.

They displace soil as they are driven into the ground.

In areas with weak soil conditions or where high loads are expected.

Where the spacing between adjacent columns is small.

Excavate holes, fill with reinforced concrete, and construct casing when a certain depth is reached.

To transmit the load to the ground while limiting soil movement to a pre-estimated level.

To carry point loading (column).

To support loading more effectively and economically.

A type of foundation system that consists of a flat slab supported by beams.

Efficiency in utilization of resources.

The sinking or shifting of soil under a load, which can be even or uneven.

To transfer loads from the structure to the piles below.

By drilling a hole, placing reinforcement, and then pouring concrete into the hole.

A type of foundation element that is installed by driving it into the ground using a pile driver.

To transfer loads from structures to deeper, more stable soil layers.

To cover a large part of the site area and spread the load more evenly to the soil.

Uneven or differential settlement.

It runs under and along the walls.

A type of deep foundation created by drilling a hole into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

They can be used in restricted spaces and provide high load-bearing capacity.

By drilling a hole into the ground and then pouring concrete into it.

Cholesterol, sphingolipids, and specific proteins.

Bored piles are drilled into the ground, while driven piles are hammered into place.

In areas with weak soil where deep foundations are necessary.

Bored piles are drilled into the ground, while driven piles are hammered into place.

Beam and Slab Raft, Cellular Raft.

To provide additional usable space below ground level.

A type of deep foundation that uses long, slender columns to transfer loads.

To transfer loading safely and effectively to the soil.

Settlement of soil.

Construction Technology and Materials.

It is easier to construct, saving costs in money, resources, and time.

Reinforced concrete.

It acts as a kind of deep raft foundation.

A type of pile that transfers load through friction along its length with the surrounding soil.

Massively reinforced concrete.

Clay soil.

They create localized areas of increased rigidity within the membrane.

Concrete, steel, or timber.

By drilling a hole into the soil and then pouring concrete into the hole.

They can be used in restricted spaces and are suitable for various soil conditions.

It incorporates voids or cells to reduce weight while maintaining strength.

Their ability to take up loading is restricted to low-rise structures only.

Low rise loading bearing wall type of buildings.

End Bearing Piles and Friction Piles.

By drilling a hole, placing reinforcement, and then pouring concrete into the hole.

By balancing the loading exerted onto the soil.

They are involved in signaling and trafficking of proteins and lipids.

In areas with weak soil or where high loads are expected.

To transfer loads from structures to deeper, more stable soil layers.

In areas with weak surface soils or where high load-bearing capacity is required.

A common type of shallow foundation that supports a wall.

Underground soil movement, especially with the presence of groundwater.

In areas with weak surface soils or where high load-bearing capacity is required.

Uneven loads make the use of raft foundations not feasible.

Used for light structures like residential buildings and small commercial buildings.

The ability of soil to decrease in volume under load.

When the soil is not strong enough to take concentrated loading, when concentrated loads are too close together, or when differential settlement is likely.

Soil settlements can occur, leading to leaning or sinking of buildings.

Calculation of the anticipated structural loadings.

To distribute loads from the structure evenly across the foundation.

A type of deep foundation element with a cross-section resembling the letter 'H'.

To link pile caps together and provide a unified structure to take up loadings.

By dividing the ultimate bearing capacity by a suitable factor of safety (from 1.5 to 5).

Steel or concrete.

Reinforced concrete pile.

The soil is displaced, causing soil heaping around the site.

They can be driven into dense or hard soils.

No, it is banned on all private projects.

Provide flexible joints or divide the structure into smaller units.

Structures located below ground level.

A series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground at considerable depth to reach firm soil strata capable of carrying load.

In areas with weak soil conditions where traditional foundations may not be effective.

It may necessitate the use of pile foundations.

When existing structural elements occupy the footing area.

Displacement piles and replacement piles.

As a further extension of the raft foundation concept, similar to a cellular raft foundation.

A type of pile that transfers load through its tip to a strong layer of soil or rock.

Up to around 2 meters, and in extreme cases, up to 3 meters.

A basement usually refers to an underground structure, often multi-storey, designed for human activities.

They can be used in restricted spaces and provide high load-bearing capacity.

It can cause construction problems and is more costly.

From 1.5 to 5.

DADIO can be used in various fields, including education, technology, and engineering.

They can be installed in a variety of soil conditions and provide immediate load-bearing capacity.

A type of foundation system that provides support by distributing loads over a large area.

A type of foundation structure that transfers loads to deeper soil layers.

They can range from 300 mm to over 1,500 mm.

They create localized areas of increased rigidity within the otherwise fluid membrane.

Higher costs, more complex construction, and potential for soil settlement.

Dead load and super-imposed load.

In groups or clusters.

A thick concrete mat that distributes loads from the superstructure to the piles.

By providing a rigid framework that reduces differential settlement.

To redistribute the loading to the soil in a more or less consistent manner, reducing the chance of differential settlement.

They replace the soil as they are installed.

To prevent soil from being overloaded and to create a buffer for safety even if soil properties deteriorate.

In areas with weak soil or where high loads are expected.

When soil conditions are incapable of using alternative types of foundation, such as weak soil strata or excessive loading.

A type of driven pile used in construction.

Foundations should not affect the stability of adjacent structures.

They can be installed with minimal vibration, making them suitable for urban areas.

Because there may be no suitable soil strata at a reasonable depth to support the load.

It leads to high operational costs due to dewatering.

Compressibility, cohesion of soil particles, internal friction among soil particles, and permeability.

It affects the soil's shear strength and stability.

Assessment of site conditions in the context of the site and soil investigation reports.

Because they do not penetrate deep into the soil.

Structural steel (H-column), in-situ reinforced concrete, and precast pre-stressed concrete.

A specialized microdomain in the cell membrane that is rich in cholesterol and proteins.

Resource availability and safety.

Replacement piles.

Typically reinforced concrete.

DADIO is an acronym that may refer to various concepts depending on the context.

The soil is replaced by the pile.

They can be installed with minimal vibration, making them suitable for urban areas.

By using a hammer to deliver blows to drive the pile into the ground.

A type of shallow foundation that supports a large area of a structure.

A specialized microdomain within the cell membrane that is rich in cholesterol and proteins.

A type of deep foundation used for special considerations.

A foundation that is placed close to the surface of the ground.

It determines the soil's ability to transmit water.

The minimum gross pressure intensity at the base of the foundation at which the soil fails in shear.

To support heavy loads in deep foundations.

By providing a larger bearing area and reducing differential settlement.

To achieve an economical design on foundations.

Columns that are too close together.

A type of deep foundation created by drilling a hole into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

A type of shallow foundation that supports individual columns.

A type of pile construction where a hole is bored into the ground to create the pile.

In areas with high loads or where soil conditions are challenging.

Dividing them into rational smaller units with individual substructure systems.

It may be beyond the economical use of raft foundations.

They can be maximized.

A type of deep foundation that is constructed by drilling a hole into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

To support a line of columns.

Careful design of substructures and rearrangement of the loading pattern.

A displacement pile that is driven into the ground by blows of a hammer.

By bearing on the soil or rock beneath them.

A type of deep foundation created by drilling a hole into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

They can influence the entry of pathogens and the progression of diseases.

Understanding acronyms helps in effective communication and comprehension in specialized fields.

The largest pressure a structure can exert on the soil without causing excessive settlement or shear failure.

They are involved in signaling pathways and the organization of membrane proteins.

Shallow foundations and deep foundations.

Ensuring adequate load distribution and stability against settlement.

A type of foundation structure that is placed close to the ground surface.

Latent differential soil settlement.

They should not adversely affect the overall stability of the whole structure.

By drilling a hole, often using a rotary drill, and then pouring concrete into the hole.

They can cause vibrations that may affect nearby structures.

Structures above ground level.

Improved load distribution, reduced material usage, and enhanced buoyancy.

They can influence the entry of pathogens and the progression of diseases like cancer.

They should be acknowledged, attended to, and controlled.

It affects the stability and strength of the soil.

Other forms of raft foundations may be considered.

More consideration is essential due to potential problems.

To transfer loads from structures to deeper, more stable soil layers.

The bearing capacity of the soil.

Cholesterol, sphingolipids, and specific proteins.

A foundation that extends deep into the ground to reach stable soil or bedrock.

To support and stabilize a structure by transferring its load to the ground.

Presence of highly compressible or decayed subsoil that is unsuitable for foundations.

Soil type, load-bearing capacity, environmental conditions, and structural requirements.

They provide vital information for foundation design.