Who is the author of '物種起源'?
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Charles Darwin.
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Who is the author of '物種起源'?
Charles Darwin.
What is the third principle related to natural selection?
Great fertility in proportion to support of parents.
What conclusion did Darwin draw from the Tree of Life?
The existence of a common ancestor.
What is the significance of divergence in natural selection?
It allows species to adapt to varying environments and resources.
What analogy is made in paragraph 71?
Analogy to a great tree.
What topics are covered in Chapter 13?
Morphology, classification, vestigial organs, and embryology.
What is a curious observation about the limbs of different species according to Darwin?
The hand of a man, the leg of a horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat are all constructed on the same pattern and include the same bones in the same relative positions.
What is the date of the reflective journal entry?
October 7.
What is the primary characteristic of birds?
Feathers.
What is the first principle that accounts for natural selection according to Darwin's notebook?
Grandchildren like grandfathers.
What does the second principle of natural selection emphasize?
The tendency to small change, especially with physical change.
What drives evolution according to Darwin?
Natural selection is the mechanism that drives evolution.
How many land birds are mentioned in the excerpt?
Twenty-six land birds.
In which context did Darwin apply the principles of Divergence of character and Extinction?
In his studies of the Tree of Life.
What is one of the prerequisites for divergence of character?
Variation.
Who joined the HMS Beagle as a naturalist?
Charles Darwin.
What was the outcome of Darwin's attempt to collect the beetles?
He lost the beetle he put in his mouth as well as a third rare beetle.
What are favorable variations in the context of natural selection?
Variations that are advantageous to survival.
What is the typical feature of birds' forelimbs?
They are modified into wings.
What type of reproduction do birds typically exhibit?
Oviparous (laying eggs).
What does the Tree of Life represent?
The evolutionary relationships among various species.
When did Darwin embark on the HMS Beagle?
In 1831.
How do new species appear according to the fossil record?
Very slowly, one after another, both on land and in waters.
What inspired Darwin to develop the theory of evolution?
His observations during the HMS Beagle voyage.
What event put Darwin on the HMS Beagle?
His appointment as the ship's naturalist.
Which fossil was found by Darwin?
Thylacoleo carnifex.
What is the first topic discussed in the flow of the argument?
Man's selection.
What is the main concept discussed in 'On the Origin of Species'?
Natural Selection.
Which paragraphs cover the concept of Natural Selection?
Paragraphs 13 to 18.
Is there a connection between Newton's laws and Darwin's theory?
Both explore fundamental principles in their respective fields, with Newton focusing on physical laws and Darwin on biological diversity.
What is the consequence of the disparity between population growth and resource growth?
Struggling occurs for food and resources.
Who is the author of the Essay on the Principle of Population?
Thomas Malthus.
What is the title of Charles Darwin's famous work?
On the Origin of Species.
How did the HMS Beagle voyage influence Darwin's career?
It determined his whole career.
What event put Darwin on the HMS Beagle?
He was invited to join the voyage as the ship's naturalist.
What was the primary purpose of the HMS Beagle voyage?
To conduct a survey of the South American coastline.
How is diversification related to resource acquisition?
It enhances the ability to exploit different resources.
What does the excerpt highlight about the differences between pigeon breeds?
It emphasizes the wonderful difference in their beaks.
Who was Erasmus Darwin?
Charles Darwin's grandfather, a physician and polymath.
What examples of vestigial organs are mentioned in snakes?
Rudiments of the pelvis and hind limbs.
What imaginary case is presented to explain natural selection?
The case of wolves and deer, where wolves that are fleet can secure prey more effectively.
What is an example of inheritable variations in cats?
Variations in habits.
What strong relationship is highlighted in the excerpt?
The relationship between habitat and the characteristics of organisms.
What role did the Galápagos Islands play in Darwin's theory?
They provided unique examples of species variation and adaptation.
What is the main subject of Darwin's book 'On the Origin of Species'?
The theory of evolution and natural selection.
What does the Tree of Life represent in the argument?
The interconnectedness of species.
Which paragraphs summarize the main points of the argument?
Paragraphs 68 - 70.
What did Darwin consider the most important event in his life?
The voyage of the HMS Beagle.
What does '與自然對話' translate to in English?
In Dialogue with Nature.
What is Darwin's argument regarding Natural Selection?
Darwin argues that individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual evolution of species.
What can classification be explained by according to the Tree of Life?
Evolution.
What did Charles Darwin study at the University of Edinburgh?
Medicine.
What is the common opinion of naturalists regarding the breeds of pigeons?
All have descended from the rock-pigeon (Columba livia).
Did Darwin dissect the beetles he collected?
No, he rarely dissected them or compared their external characters with published descriptions.
Where did Darwin graduate from?
Christ’s College, Cambridge University.
What can result from divergence of character in species?
Extinction of less adaptable species.
Which scientist is associated with the laws of motion and gravity, influencing scientific thought?
Isaac Newton.
Who was J. S. Henslow?
A botanist and geologist who influenced Darwin.
What concept is discussed in paragraphs 39 - 41?
Extinction.
From which chapter of 'On the Origin of Species' is the excerpt about vestigial organs taken?
Chapter 13: Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs.
What significant proposal did Darwin make in 1838?
He proposed the mechanism of 'Natural Selection' to explain his evolutionary tree.
What does the reconstruction of the marsupial represent?
It illustrates the evolutionary history of marsupials.
What principles did Darwin illustrate through the examples of cats and wolves?
The principles of Divergence of Character and Extinction.
What is the first principle that accounts for natural selection?
Grandchildren resemble their grandfathers.
When did Darwin publish his first edition of 'On the Origin of Species'?
In 1859, as a 490-page abstract.
What is a key concept discussed throughout 'On the Origin of Species'?
Variations are seen everywhere.
What concept did Darwin learn from Lyell's work?
The Earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation today.
What is a key concept discussed throughout 'On the Origin of Species'?
Variations are seen everywhere.
What will be covered in the next tutorial?
A quiz on Darwin.
Why does rarity lead to extinction?
Rarity can make species more vulnerable to environmental changes and reduce their chances of reproduction.
How did Darwin explain the absence of 'intermediate organisms'?
Darwin suggested that the fossil record is incomplete, and many intermediate forms may have existed but have not been preserved.
What two types of pigeons are compared in the excerpt?
The English carrier and the short-faced tumbler.
Who was Charles Darwin's maternal grandfather?
Josiah Wedgwood, founder of the Wedgwood pottery firm.
Why is 'Interest in Nature' important for ecological awareness?
It promotes understanding of ecosystems and the importance of biodiversity.
What was the purpose of the HMS Beagle's voyage?
To conduct a hydrographic survey of the southern coasts of South America for accurate nautical charts.
What is the first concept discussed in the flow of the argument?
Man's selection.
How did variation occur according to Darwin?
Darwin explained variation through natural selection, not through Lamarck's theory.
What are Newton's Laws of Motion?
They are three physical laws that form the foundation for classical mechanics.
What conclusion did Darwin reach about life forms?
All life forms descend from a common ancestor.
What does Darwin's theory address?
The diversity of life in nature and the mechanisms behind evolution.
What is covered in paragraphs 42 - 46?
Divergence of Character.
What was the outcome of Darwin's research and observations?
The publication of 'On the Origin of Species'.
What is Darwin's argument regarding Natural Selection?
It is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
What is the identity of the person raising these remarks?
The identity is not specified in the remarks.
What do Chapters 11 and 12 focus on?
Biogeographical distribution.
What concept relates to the idea of a Common Ancestor?
The Tree of Life.
What book did Darwin read during his voyage?
Lyell’s Principles of Geology.
What topics are covered in Chapter 13?
Morphology, classification, vestigial organs, and embryology.
What is a significant location associated with Darwin's voyage?
The Galapagos Islands.
What does 'descent with modification' refer to?
It refers to the concept that all forms of life descend from common ancestors.
What role does observation play in 'Interest in Nature'?
Observation is crucial for understanding and documenting natural processes.
What year did Darwin quit medical school?
How did Darwin arrive at the conclusion of a common ancestor?
By analyzing the similarities in the diagrams of the Tree of Life.
Which philosopher is known for his contributions to the understanding of origins before Darwin?
Aristotle.
What profession did Darwin initially plan to pursue after studying at Cambridge?
Anglican parson.
What was the duration of the HMS Beagle's voyage?
5 years (December 1831 - October 1836).
Who are some key figures in the Western view of origins?
Plato, Newton, Darwin, Watson, Leopold, Kandel, and Poincare.
What years did Charles Darwin live?
1809 - 1882.
What is the main focus of Chapter 1 in 'On the Origin of Species'?
Variation under domestication.
How are variations related to habitat in the imaginary case of wolves?
Variations are formed based on the habitat.
What is the significance of diversity in both physics and biology?
Diversity in physics explains various motions and forces, while in biology, it explains the variety of life forms and their adaptations.
What is one piece of evidence supporting evolution?
Common Ancestor.
What is summarized in paragraphs 68 to 70?
Summary of the argument.
What is the relationship between organisms and their habitat in the context of natural selection?
Organisms adapt to their habitat.
What is a key factor that leads to the struggle for existence?
Limited resources.
What do Chapters 11 and 12 focus on?
Biogeographical distribution.
What fundamental question did Darwin ponder regarding animal origins?
Do all animals come from the same ancestor?
What are injurious variations?
Variations that are disadvantageous to survival.
What is the main argument of 'On the Origin of Species'?
The whole volume is one long argument about evolution.
How does 'Interest in Nature' influence scientific inquiry?
It fosters curiosity and encourages exploration of natural phenomena.
Who is the author of 'On the Origin of Species'?
Charles Darwin.
What factors are considered when determining similarity among species?
Habits, constitution, and structure.
How many of the land birds are ranked as distinct species by Mr. Gould?
Twenty-five distinct species.
What happened when Darwin tried to collect a rare beetle?
He popped one beetle into his mouth, which ejected an acrid fluid that burnt his tongue.
What is meant by 'constitution' in the context of the Tree of Life?
The physical and biological makeup of an organism.
What is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding called?
A species.
How did the HMS Beagle voyage contribute to Darwin's ideas?
It allowed him to observe diverse species and their adaptations in different environments.
Who was the captain of the HMS Beagle?
Captain Robert FitzRoy.
What is the main question raised about Darwin's conclusion?
Is the conclusion valid or too speculative?
What are the key concepts associated with divergence of character?
Natural selection and extinction.
What does Natural Selection lead to?
Extinction and Divergence of Character.
What is the second principle related to natural selection?
There is a tendency for small changes, especially physical changes.
What does 'struggling occurs' refer to in the context of Natural Selection?
The competition for resources among organisms.
From which chapter of 'On the Origin of Species' is the excerpt about morphology taken?
Chapter 13: Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs.
What is addressed in Chapters 9 and 10?
The fossil record.
What is the main subject of 'On the Origin of Species'?
The book discusses the theory of evolution and the process of natural selection.
What is the primary focus of 'Interest in Nature'?
The appreciation and study of the natural world.
What does diversification in species lead to?
A better chance of survival.
What was Charles Darwin's passion while at Cambridge?
Collecting beetles.
What was the financial status of Charles Darwin's maternal family?
They were quite rich.
How long did the HMS Beagle voyage last?
It lasted for about five years.
What is the mechanism illustrated in the text?
Natural Selection.
What profession did Robert Darwin, Charles Darwin's father, have?
He was a physician.
What does the presence of vestigial organs suggest about an organism?
It indicates that certain features tend to be inherited.
What concept did Darwin develop in 1837?
The concept of evolution, proposing that all species have a single common ancestor.
What does Darwin's explanation of variation contrast with?
Lamarck's theory.
How does fleetness in wolves relate to natural selection?
Wolves that are faster can catch more deer, leading to a survival advantage.
What topic is addressed in paragraphs 39 to 41?
Extinction.
What might be an alternative view if Darwin's conclusion is considered speculative?
Some may argue for independent origins of species.
What was published in 1858 alongside Wallace's theory?
A description of Darwin's own theory.
What concept relates to the idea of a Common Ancestor?
The shared lineage of species.
What does 'change is slow' imply about evolution?
Evolutionary changes occur gradually over time.
What is the main focus of Chapter 1 in 'On the Origin of Species'?
Variation under domestication.
What did Darwin note about the diagrams in the Tree of Life?
The similarity of the two diagrams.
What principles did Darwin apply in his studies?
Divergence of character and Extinction.
What core question does 'On the Origin of Species' address?
What is our origin? Evolved or created?
What are vestigial organs?
Organs or parts that are in a state of inutility, commonly found in nature.
What is indicated by the fossil mammals found in a particular area?
They are more closely related to living mammals.
What was a significant factor in Darwin's decision to publish his theory?
The influence of other scientists and the urgency created by Alfred Russel Wallace's similar findings.
Why is the study of habits important in the Tree of Life?
It helps to understand the ecological roles and behaviors of different species.
What principle did Malthus discuss in his Essay on the Principle of Population?
Population grows geometrically while food and resources grow arithmetically.
What did Henslow encourage Darwin to do?
Join HMS Beagle.
How does population growth compare to the growth of resources according to Malthus?
Population growth exceeds the growth of resources.
What is the significance of a common ancestor in evolutionary theory?
It suggests that all species share a genetic lineage.
What happened in 1858 regarding Alfred Russel Wallace?
Wallace sent an article outlining his theory to Darwin, which was very similar to Darwin's own theory.
What is addressed in Chapters 9 and 10?
The fossil record.
What does the third principle of natural selection emphasize?
Great fertility in proportion to the support of parents.
What is essential for supporting evidence in Darwin's theory?
Mechanism of natural selection.
What does Chapter 2 of 'On the Origin of Species' discuss?
Variation under nature.
What is essential for supporting the theory of evolution?
Mechanism and supporting evidence.
How does the Tree of Life illustrate evolutionary connections?
By showing how different species are related through common ancestors.
What is notable about the affinity of the birds mentioned?
Most have a close affinity to American species in habits, gestures, and tones of voice.
Which paragraphs cover the concept of Natural Selection?
Paragraphs 13 - 18.
What inspired Darwin to develop and publish his theory of evolution?
His observations and findings during the HMS Beagle voyage.
What does Darwin's experience with beetles illustrate about his character?
It shows his zeal and passion for collecting.
What does the real case of wolves illustrate?
Varieties exist in nature.
What are the three key components of Natural Selection?
Inheritance, Variation, and Struggle for Existence.
What did Darwin do between 1838 and 1858?
He collected plenty of evidence to support his theory of evolution.
What is discussed in paragraphs 42 to 46?
Divergence of Character.
What concept is covered in paragraphs 50 to 63?
Tree of Life.
What are some sources of evidence for evolution?
Variations under Domestication, Fossil Records, Morphology, and Vestigial Organs.
How does change occur in the context of natural selection?
Change is slow.
How did Darwin view changes in life in relation to geological changes?
He believed changes in life could be slow too.
What is Lamarck's theory of evolution?
Change through 'use and disuse' and inheritance of acquired traits.
What real-life insight is drawn from domestication in the context of natural selection?
The outcome of selection is evident in domesticated dogs.
Who found the fossil Thylacoleo carnifex?
Prof. Owen.
What was Charles Darwin's role on the HMS Beagle?
He was a self-funded naturalist and companion of Captain FitzRoy.
What does Chapter 2 of 'On the Origin of Species' discuss?
Variation under nature.
Which chapter covers the concept of Natural Selection?
Chapter 4.
What years did Thomas Malthus live?
1766 - 1834.
What analogy is made in paragraph 71?
Analogy to a great tree.
What role do variations play in natural selection?
Variations are essential for the process of natural selection.
Who was Charles Lyell?
A geologist who influenced Darwin's thinking about the Earth's processes.
What does classification explain in the context of evolution?
The relationships between different organisms.
What was the sixth edition of Darwin's work published?
In 1872.
What is the struggle for existence?
It occurs due to limited resources.
Which chapter covers the concept of Natural Selection?
Chapter 4.
How did Darwin compare Natural Selection to modern geology?
He saw parallels between the gradual processes of natural selection and geological changes.
