What is a consequence of police receiving a false confession?
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They may be diverted down a false trail, wasting valuable time.
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What is a consequence of police receiving a false confession?
They may be diverted down a false trail, wasting valuable time.
What could the wasted time from a false confession prevent?
Identifying and apprehending the real offender.
What is the accuracy level of geographic profiling systems?
Geographic profiling systems can be quite accurate.
What is the purpose of the non-accusatorial interview in the Reid Model?
To assess deception and determine if the suspect is lying about their innocence.
What term does the RCMP prefer over 'profiling'?
Criminal investigative analysis.
What are the three types of false confessions identified in Kassin and Kiechel's study?
Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation.
What is the Reid Model of Interrogation?
A common nine-step method used in North America to extract confessions from suspects.
Why can't ambiguous profiles be used effectively in investigations?
Because they can be interpreted to fit a wide range of individuals, making it difficult to prioritize suspects.
What must the Court consider about police trickery in obtaining a confession?
The degree of police trickery used, ensuring it does not 'shock the community.'
What is a major criticism of professional profilers?
They may not be more accurate in their predictions than individuals without specialized training.
What is the assumption made by investigators when moving from stage 2 to 3 of the Reid model?
That investigators can detect deception accurately.
Can you provide an example of a case involving voluntary false confessions?
The Lindbergh case, where approximately 200 people made false confessions.
What did Snook, Eastwood, et al. (2007) conclude about profilers' performance?
They demonstrate better performance, but not necessarily expert performance.
How can false confessions affect other evidence in a trial?
They may taint other evidence, making it appear more corroborative than it really is.
Who conducted the study on false confessions?
Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel.
What is an example of an ambiguous prediction in criminal profiling?
The offender will be a 'social misfit'.
What key details do police seek during investigations?
Who was involved, what happened, where and when it happened, how and why it happened.
What is the final goal of the Reid Model of Interrogation?
To obtain a confession from the suspect.
Why is there concern regarding coercive techniques in police interrogations?
Because of the power of confessions as evidence.
How do different profilers construct criminal profiles?
Profiles are constructed differently by different profilers, with various 'schools' of profiling guiding the process.
What types of tactics do interrogators use to generate confessions?
A variety of tactics, including psychologically coercive methods.
What can be utilized for local serial offenders in investigations?
A number of profiling strategies.
When is identifying probable suspects relatively straightforward?
When the victim and offender know each other and there is a clear motivation for the crime.
What do geographic profiling systems do?
They utilize crime data to create profiles of offenders based on the geographic locations of their crimes.
What does the term 'operating mind' refer to in the context of a confession?
The suspect's awareness of what they were saying and who they were saying it to.
What is a weakness of the 'Alt-key' paradigm regarding false confessions?
There are no consequences for confessing.
What must police consider regarding statements made by professional profilers?
How much weight to put on those statements.
For which type of offenders is geographic profiling typically useful?
For the majority of serial offenders who commit their crimes locally.
What type of offender predominantly targets adult females with specific physical features?
Telio specific offenders.
How can interrogators imply evidence against a suspect?
By hiding the fact that they do not have evidence and implying that such evidence exists.
What is a characteristic of the deductive profiling method?
It involves reasoning from specific cases to general principles.
What is a coerced-compliant false confession?
A confession resulting from a desire to escape a coercive interrogation or gain a promised benefit, where the confessor knows they did not commit the crime.
What is the focus of Chapter 3?
The Psychology of Police Investigations.
What is another issue associated with the Reid Model?
Investigator bias.
What are some common motivations for crimes?
Passion, greed, or revenge.
In which journal was Kassin and Kiechel's study on false confessions published?
Psychological Science.
What is the approach for organized crime scenes in the Organized-Disorganized Model?
Profile the background characteristics of organized offenders.
How is evidence often collected in police investigations?
Through interrogations of suspects.
What confusion might participants experience in the 'Alt-key' paradigm?
They may be confused about their own guilt.
What is the Reid Model of Interrogation?
A structured approach to interrogation that includes specific stages and techniques.
What is a coerced-compliant false confession?
A confession made to escape a stressful situation or gain a benefit.
How can false memories be induced according to the text?
Through suggestive interviews.
What do Minimization and Maximization refer to in the Reid Model?
Techniques used to either downplay the seriousness of the situation or emphasize the consequences to encourage confessions.
What is one common technique used in the Reid Model?
Appealing to the suspect’s pride with flattery.
Why do profilers consider an offender's educational history?
To understand their background and potential motivations.
Why have many agencies moved away from the term 'profiling'?
To suggest a broader focus that includes more than just making predictions about an offender's background.
What is one potential problem with the Reid Model?
Deception detection.
What is geographic profiling?
A technique used to analyze the locations of a series of crimes to determine the likely area of the offender's residence.
What does the Court look for regarding the treatment of the suspect?
An atmosphere of oppression (unjust or inhumane treatment).
What are the three general stages of the Reid Model?
What is a false confession?
A confession that is not true, often made under pressure or coercion.
How can geographic profiling predictions assist law enforcement?
These predictions are likely to assist the police.
What characterizes a voluntary false confession?
A confession made willingly without external pressure.
What statistical technique was used by Goodwill et al. (2016) to study sex offenders?
Cluster analysis.
What is the Reid Model primarily used for?
Interrogation techniques.
What is known about the profiling process?
Relatively little is known about the profiling process, and descriptions provided by researchers and profilers are often vague.
What were historically used as coercive tactics in interrogations?
Physically coercive methods, such as whipping.
Why do police use criminal profiling?
To narrow down suspects and predict behaviors, but it can lead to potential problems such as bias and inaccuracies.
How can comprehension of legal rights be improved?
By delivering cautions in an appropriate format, such as written versus verbal.
What are the three major types of false confessions?
Voluntary false confessions, coerced-compliant false confessions, and coerced-internalized false confessions.
What tactics are often used by police to elicit coerced-compliant false confessions?
Coercive interrogation tactics, such as maximization and minimization techniques.
What is the first point in the Supreme Court of Canada's framework for determining the voluntariness of a confession?
The Court must consider whether the police made any threats or promises.
What is a major criticism of many criminal profiles?
They are so ambiguous that they can fit many suspects.
What investigative technique do police often rely on for difficult cases?
Criminal profiling.
What are the three main types of false confessions?
Voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized.
Why is geographic profiling not useful for traveling offenders?
Because they travel in a particular direction to commit their crimes.
What does research indicate about people's understanding of their legal rights?
Many individuals often do not understand their rights when presented to them.
What does coerced-internalized false confession mean?
A confession where the individual comes to believe they committed the crime due to pressure.
How does the FBI define criminal profiling?
As a technique for identifying the personality and behavioral features of an individual based on an analysis of the crimes they have committed.
What are potential problems with the Reid Model?
Issues such as false confessions, coercion, and ethical concerns.
What psychological themes are developed in the Reid Model?
Themes that allow the suspect to rationalize or excuse the crime.
What is a characteristic of the inductive profiling method?
It involves drawing generalizations from a large number of cases.
How can investigator bias affect interrogations?
It can lead to unfair treatment of suspects and influence the outcome of the interrogation.
How can criminal profiles assist in interrogation?
By providing advice on how to approach the interrogation process.
Why might coerced-compliant false confessions be considered common?
They often arise from the pressure of coercive interrogation environments.
What did research by Kassin et al. (2003) reveal about investigative biases?
It indicated that biases led to coercive interrogations, making suspects appear guiltier even if they committed no crime.
What type of interrogation tactics were used by Chicago police in the 1970s and 80s?
A wide range of torture tactics.
What does research indicate about serial offenders and their crime site selection?
Serial offenders tend to commit their crimes very close to where they reside.
What makes confessions more likely to be unreliable?
Involuntary confessions and those provided when a person's mind is unstable.
What psychological strategy does the Reid technique employ regarding anxiety?
It aims to make the anxiety of maintaining innocence greater than that of confessing.
What is internalization in the context of false confessions?
The acceptance of guilt for an act that the person did not commit.
What is a common tactic used in minimization techniques?
Offering face-saving excuses or moral justification.
What type of interrogations can lead to false confessions in the Reid Model?
Coercive/suggestive interrogations.
What is the basic idea behind the Organized-Disorganized Model?
To profile the background characteristics of offenders based on the organization level of the crime scene.
What do police rely on to gather details about crimes?
Witnesses, victims, and suspects.
What is the primary purpose of a police interrogation?
To gather evidence and obtain a confession.
What is another weakness of the 'Alt-key' paradigm?
All participants were innocent.
What is a voluntary false confession?
A confession that occurs without being prompted by the police.
What is considered the most potent form of evidence in court?
Confession.
What is a coerced-internalized false confession?
A confession where the individual comes to believe they committed the crime due to suggestive interrogation techniques.
What is the first step of the Reid Model of Interrogation?
The suspect is immediately confronted with his or her guilt.
What is geographic profiling?
A technique used in investigations to analyze the locations of a series of crimes to identify the likely area where the offender resides.
What are some common characteristics profilers try to predict about an offender?
Age, sex, race, level of intelligence, educational history, hobbies, family background, residential location, criminal history, employment status, psychosexual development, and post-offence behaviour.
How do interrogators minimize the seriousness of the offense?
By downplaying the consequences to the suspect.
What type of interrogation may innocent suspects undergo?
Guilt-presumptive interrogation.
What is the importance of building rapport with a suspect?
It can lead to more confessions.
What is done if a suspect becomes withdrawn during interrogation?
The interrogator ensures they have the suspect's attention and uses techniques to reduce psychological distance.
Why would a confession obtained through the third degree be considered inadmissible in court?
Because it is considered oppressive.
How do modern interrogation techniques differ from the third degree?
They rely more on psychological approaches rather than physical coercion.
Who decides on the admissibility of confession evidence in North American courts?
The trial judge.
How do biased interrogators behave towards suspects?
They judge more suspects as guilty and exert more pressure to confess.
Why might individuals with brain impairments be more susceptible to coerced-internalized false confessions?
They may have difficulty detecting discrepancies between their observations and erroneous suggestions.
How is geographic profiling used in investigations?
Primarily for prioritizing potential suspects based on their proximity to the predicted home location.
How are suspects prioritized in geographic profiling?
By rank ordering them based on how close they live to the predicted home location.
How do police utilize the output from geographic profiling systems?
To prioritize their investigative activities.
What is a common trait of disorganized offenders?
Low intelligence.
What are the two categories of interrogation techniques in the Reid model?
Minimization techniques and maximization techniques.
What is a major issue with the Organized-Disorganized Model?
Little research has examined the model, raising doubts about its validity.
What challenges arise in crimes where the victim and offender are strangers?
It is more difficult to identify a suspect and there is often no clear motive.
What year was the study on false confessions published?
What do studies of computerized geographic profiling systems indicate?
They can make accurate profiling predictions.
What are the two main goals of police interrogations in North America?
To obtain a confession and to gain information that will further the investigation.
What are Miranda rights?
Safeguards assumed to protect individuals during interrogation, including the rights to silence and legal counsel.
What is the primary goal of many police interrogations?
To generate a confession.
What does research say about the ability of investigators to detect deception?
Little research supports the assumption that investigators can accurately detect deception, even with specialized training.
Which groups are particularly likely to misunderstand their rights?
Juveniles and individuals with impaired intellectual capacity.
What are the two main profiling methods discussed?
The deductive profiling method and the inductive profiling method.
What do recent meta-analyses suggest about the utility of objective cues in deception detection?
They suggest that the training approach has limited utility because the cues are too weak to distinguish between truth-tellers and liars.
How does the interrogator handle a suspect's denial?
By interrupting any statements of denial to prevent the suspect from gaining the upper hand.
What is the first step in the Nine Steps of Reid?
Direct statement of belief in the suspect’s guilt.
What technique can be used to keep a suspect engaged in the interrogation?
Physically moving closer to the suspect.
How do geographic profiling systems represent crime sites?
As points on a map based on linked crime locations.
What was one example of a coercive tactic used in the mid-twentieth century?
Whipping, as seen in Brown v. Mississippi (1936).
What is the focus of investigative psychology approaches in profiling?
They emphasize rigorously testing the validity of proposed categories and the linkage between crime scene behaviors and background characteristics.
What is known about the frequency of false confessions?
The frequency of false confessions is unknown but they are common in high-profile wrongful convictions.
How do investigative psychology approaches differ from previous inductive approaches?
They place more emphasis on testing the validity of categories rather than just relying on previously solved cases.
What mental states can increase susceptibility to coerced-internalized false confessions?
Severe anxiety, confusion, or feelings of guilt.
What additional factors do geographic profilers consider?
Factors such as the density of suitable victims in an area.
What were the two manipulated factors in the ALT key experiment?
Participant vulnerability and false evidence.
How did researchers investigate confabulation in the experiment?
By asking participants to reconstruct events after being presented with false evidence.
How do disorganized offenders typically live in relation to their crimes?
They live and work close to crimes.
What do the core psychological assumptions underlying profiling lack?
Strong empirical support.
What do police need to conduct interrogations?
A viable suspect in custody.
What limitation does the Organized-Disorganized Model have regarding offender characteristics?
It cannot account for offenders who display a mixture of organized and disorganized features.
What should an investigator do when encountering a disorganized crime scene?
Profile the background characteristics of a disorganized offender.
What are the three types of false confessions?
Voluntary false confessions, coerced-compliant false confessions, and coerced-internalized false confessions.
What is a voluntary false confession?
A confession made without any external pressure or coercion.
What do new paradigms confirm about false confessions?
They confirm original findings.
What are the Nine Steps of Reid?
A series of steps designed to elicit confessions from suspects during interrogations.
What is the challenge in defining criminal profiling?
It is difficult to define precisely.
What do current deception detection training programs, including Reid interrogation training, focus on?
Informing people about objective cues to deception.
What is the popular term for the police interrogation technique used in the 1920s and 30s?
The third degree.
What are some purposes of criminal profiles?
To help set traps for offenders, determine the seriousness of threats, provide interrogation advice, and inform prosecutors for cross-examination.
What is investigator bias in the context of interrogations?
It refers to officers entering the interrogation phase believing the suspect is guilty.
What is the significance of the case R. v. M.J.S. (2000)?
It illustrates a potential coerced-compliant false confession, where M.J.S. confessed to aggravated assault on his son but may not have been responsible for the crime.
What does the second step of the Reid technique involve?
Developing and introducing psychological themes.
Why is psychosexual development important in profiling?
It can reveal motivations and behaviours related to sexual offences.
Who was Dr. George Phillips?
A police surgeon involved in the Jack the Ripper investigation who engaged in criminal profiling.
What is the goal of presenting the alternative question in the Reid technique?
To guide the suspect towards admitting guilt.
What impact does investigator bias have on neutral observers of interrogations?
Observers rate the interrogations as more coercive.
What are the two categories of an offender's background characteristics in the Organized-Disorganized Model?
Organized (methodical) and disorganized (disturbed).
What type of individual is characterized as organized in the Organized-Disorganized Model?
A methodical individual.
What type of individual is characterized as disorganized in the Organized-Disorganized Model?
A disturbed individual, usually suffering from some form of psychopathology.
What are the three clusters of sex offenders identified by Goodwill et al.?
Which participants were particularly susceptible to confabulation?
Vulnerable participants presented with false evidence.
What is a key consideration regarding the validity of criminal profiling?
Whether the technique is actually reliable and valid.
What area of psychology did David Canter draw on for his profiling work?
Environmental psychology.
What issue is often found in many criminal profiles?
They contain vague and ambiguous information that can fit many suspects.
What is implied by maximization techniques?
A threat of severe punishment.
What was established in 1972 to enhance criminal profiling within the FBI?
The Behavioral Sciences Unit.
What characterizes coerced-compliant false confessions?
Confessions made under pressure, where the individual complies to escape a stressful situation.
What are some reasons for a voluntary false confession?
Desire for notoriety, inability to distinguish fact from fantasy, need to be punished, or attempt to protect the real offender.
What does research indicate about the accuracy of professional profilers?
They do not always produce more accurate profiles than non-professionals under laboratory conditions.
What are the three clusters identified for victim selection by sex offenders?
Do actual interrogations always include Reid techniques?
No, they do not always include Reid techniques.
What type of offender predominantly targets child and adolescent victims?
Pedo/hebe specific offenders.
What is a false confession?
A confession that is either intentionally fabricated or not based on actual knowledge of the facts.
What is the role of procedural safeguards in interrogations?
To protect the rights of suspects and ensure fair interrogation practices.
What happened to Tony Colleti before his trial?
He hanged himself in jail.
What are geographic profiling systems?
Computer systems that use mathematical models of offender spatial behavior to predict where unknown serial offenders are likely to reside.
What tactics were historically used to extract confessions from suspects?
Physically coercive tactics.
What interrogation technique is often associated with coerced-internalized false confessions?
Minimization techniques.
How does the Reid technique suggest handling a suspect's denial?
By interrupting statements of denial.
What are some vulnerability factors associated with coerced-internalized false confessions?
History of substance abuse, inability to detect discrepancies, and factors related to mental state such as severe anxiety or confusion.
What are the key issues a judge must consider regarding a questionable confession?
Whether the confession was made voluntarily and if the defendant was competent.
What does compliance refer to in the context of false confessions?
A tendency to go along with demands made by authority figures.
How did researchers measure compliance in the ALT key experiment?
By presenting participants with a written confession and recording how many signed it.
What was the focus of Kassin and Kiechel’s (1996) ALT key experiment?
Participants were accused of committing a mock 'crime'.
What interrogation technique is mentioned as using psychological coercion?
The Reid technique.
What did a recent review conclude about the link between crime scene behaviors and offender background characteristics?
The majority of studies provide no support or little support for the assumption that crime scene behaviors can reliably predict background characteristics.
What do minimization techniques in interrogations aim to provide?
A sense of false security.
What is a common feature of disorganized offenses?
No restraints used on the victim.
What is a characteristic of maximization techniques?
Making false or exaggerated claims about evidence.
How does the use of a vehicle differ between organized and disorganized crimes?
Organized crimes typically use a vehicle, while disorganized crimes do not.
What is one reason jurors may view genuine false confessions as evidence of guilt?
Difficulty with self-incrimination explanation.
What term have police agencies in England and Wales adopted instead of 'interrogation'?
Investigative interviewing.
What are some consequences of false confessions?
Wrongful convictions, loss of trust in the justice system, and psychological harm to the confessor.
In what type of investigations was criminal profiling originally used?
In cases involving violent serial crime investigations.
What has replaced physically coercive tactics in interrogations?
Psychologically coercive tactics, like lying about evidence.
How are coercive tactics often viewed in the context of interrogations?
As a necessary evil to convince guilty people to talk.
What can contribute to the likelihood of false confessions?
Coercive interrogation tactics.
What is a coerced-internalized false confession?
A confession that results from suggestive interrogations, where the confessor comes to believe they committed the crime.
What are some consequences of investigator bias during interrogations?
Leads to biased perceptions, more guilt-presumptive questions, and increased pressure on suspects.
What significant event in 1888 involved early attempts at criminal profiling?
The Jack the Ripper murders.
What is a third problem with the Reid model of interrogation?
It often relies on subjective judgment, which can introduce investigator bias.
How is the probability of an offender's residence represented on the map?
Each location is assigned an overall probability and designated a color.
What ethical constraint is faced in laboratory studies of false confessions?
Making someone believe they committed a horrible crime.
What type of coercion makes a confession likely inadmissible in North America?
Physical coercion, such as physical force, prolonged isolation, or sleep deprivation.
What are the two key assumptions underlying criminal profiling?
What is a common trait of organized offenders?
High intelligence.
How do organized offenders typically live in relation to their crimes?
They live and work far away from crimes.
What significant case contributed to the development of investigative psychology?
The John Duffy (Railway Rapist) rape/murder case.
How long have Canter and his colleagues been developing the field of profiling?
25 years.
What are the two general approaches to constructing a criminal profile?
Deductive profiling and inductive profiling.
What is the validity of criminal profiling?
It refers to the effectiveness and reliability of profiling techniques in accurately identifying suspects.
What specific details do false confessions often contain?
Specific visual and auditory details concerning the crime and victim(s).
What type of support do profiling units typically provide to police agencies?
Operational support in cases where profiling and criminal investigative analysis may be useful.
What is the sixth step of the Reid technique?
The interrogator exhibits sympathy and understanding, urging the suspect to come clean.
What contributes to the misunderstanding of Miranda rights?
The complex structure and language used in presenting these rights.
What are the three clusters of background characteristics identified in the study?
What extreme methods were used during the third degree interrogation of Tony Colleti?
Continuous questioning, lying, threats, deprivation of food and water, physical abuse, and sleep deprivation.
What is the purpose of the Nine Steps of Reid?
To break down the suspect’s resistance to confessing.
How does investigator bias affect the interpretation of information during interrogations?
Officers may seek out and interpret information in a way that verifies their initial belief of guilt.
What role does an offender's criminal history play in profiling?
It helps in predicting future behaviour and understanding patterns.
Name another problem with the Reid model of interrogation.
It may create a psychological pressure that can overwhelm suspects, leading to unreliable confessions.
What is geographic profiling?
An analysis of crime scene locations to determine the most probable area of offender residence.
What is an example of a coerced-compliant false confession?
M.J.S.'s confession to child abuse in the case R. v. M.J.S. (2000).
What is one psychological tactic used in modern interrogations?
The presentation of false evidence.
What is a major flaw of the classic trait model?
It incorrectly assumes that internal traits are the sole determinants of behavior, ignoring situational influences.
What model is similar to the inductive approaches proposed by investigative psychology?
The organized-disorganized model.
What happened to George Metesky after his arrest in 1957?
He was sent to a mental institution for the criminally insane.
Can you provide an example of a coerced-internalized false confession case?
The Billy Wayne Cope case.
How can the relationships found in the study be utilized?
To inform profiling approaches with sex offenders.
What characterizes organized crime scene behaviors?
Well-planned (methodical) and controlled crime.
What is a common feature of organized offenses?
Use of restraints on the victim.
What is a key difference in evidence left at the crime scene between organized and disorganized crimes?
Organized crimes leave little evidence, while disorganized crimes leave evidence at the scene.
What are Investigative Psychology Approaches?
These are methods that apply psychological principles to understand criminal behavior and assist in investigations.
What references are commonly found in both true and false confessions?
References to the confessor's thoughts, feelings, and motives during and after committing the crime.
How does the interrogator facilitate self-incrimination in the seventh step?
By offering explanations for the crime that make it easier for the suspect to admit guilt.
How does an offender's family background contribute to profiling?
It provides insights into their upbringing and possible influences on behaviour.
What tactic involves sympathizing with the suspect?
Condemning others to create a bond.
What is the classic trait model in personality profiling?
A model that assumes stable, internal traits are the primary determinants of behavior.
What is a disputed confession?
A confession that is later disputed at trial, which does not necessarily mean it is false or retracted.
How does the classic trait model apply to criminal profiling?
It suggests that an offender's internal traits influence their criminal behavior and noncriminal lifestyle.
What is the purpose of laboratory studies on false confessions?
To understand the nature of false confessions.
What was the outcome of Dr. James Brussel's profiling of the Mad Bomber in New York City?
His profile matched the actual suspect, George Metesky.
What does a colored map output from geographic profiling systems indicate?
The probability that the offender lives in different areas, with color bands corresponding to different probability levels.
In what context are coerced-internalized false confessions most common?
After highly suggestible questioning.
What type of relationships were found using MCA in the study?
Logical relationships between different clusters of crime scene behaviors and background characteristics.
How was participant vulnerability manipulated in the ALT key experiment?
By varying the speed of typing: 43 letters per minute (not vulnerable) vs. 67 letters per minute (vulnerable).
Who is the founder of investigative psychology?
David Canter.
What is a characteristic of disorganized offenders regarding media?
They have little interest in media.
What is deductive profiling?
Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left at the crime scenes.
What complicates jurors' ability to distinguish between true and false confessions?
Difficulty distinguishing true vs false confessions.
What is empirical support for assumptions in criminal profiling?
It refers to the evidence gathered from research that supports the claims made by profiling techniques.
What is the accuracy of profilers?
It refers to how often criminal profilers correctly identify or predict the characteristics of offenders.
What happens once the suspect accepts responsibility for the crime?
The interrogator develops this admission into a full confession.
What is one problem with the Reid model of interrogation?
It can lead to high rates of false confessions due to its confrontational nature.
How does a retracted confession differ from a false confession?
A retracted confession is one that the confessor later declares to be false, regardless of its actual truth.
What does the classic trait model assume about behavior patterns?
It assumes that consistent patterns of behavior persist over time and across situations.
What do geographic profiling systems calculate?
The probability that an offender lives at particular points in the area where the offenses have taken place.
What was the focus of Kassin and Kiechel’s ALT key experiment?
To study false confessions under various conditions.
What is the final step in the Nine Steps of Reid?
Turning oral confession into a written confession.
How can situational factors affect criminal behavior according to the text?
Situational factors can create behavioral inconsistencies, complicating the profiling process.
What did Goodwill et al. (2016) find in their cluster analyses of sex offenders?
They identified 3 clusters of sex offenders based on the type of victim preferred.
Why are psychological tactics more difficult to judge in interrogations?
The issue of 'voluntary' becomes less clear with subtler forms of psychological coercion.
What is confabulation?
The reporting of events that never actually occurred.
What were the conditions regarding false evidence in the ALT key experiment?
No false evidence condition (witness did not see) vs. false evidence condition (witness saw the participant hit the ALT key).
What is a characteristic of organized offenders regarding media?
They follow crimes in the media.
What do maximization techniques in interrogations attempt to do?
Intimidate suspects using scare tactics.
What is the definition of criminal profiling?
Criminal profiling is a technique used to identify the characteristics of a criminal based on the analysis of their behavior and the crime scene.
How might jurors react to confession evidence, even if it was obtained coercively?
Jurors might still be likely to convict the suspect.
What is inductive profiling?
Profiling an offender based on what is known about other offenders who have committed similar crimes.
What premise does inductive profiling operate on?
If certain crimes committed by different people are similar, then the offenders must also share some common personality traits.
What are ambiguous profiles in criminal profiling?
These are profiles that lack clarity or specificity, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about a suspect.
What does the PEACE model stand for?
Planning and preparation, engage and explain, account, closure, and evaluation.
What have findings suggested about the use of coercive interrogation tactics?
A decrease in coercive tactics does not necessarily lead to a substantial reduction in confessions.
What are alternatives to the Reid Model?
Different interrogation techniques that may be more ethical or effective.
What is a noted gap in research regarding the Reid Model?
Lack of direct research using real-world data.
What is one example of assessing the seriousness of a threat using profiling?
Determining whether a threatening note should be taken seriously.
What assumption does geographic profiling make about offenders?
Offenders do not travel long distances from home to commit the majority of their crimes.
What method did Dr. George Phillips use to profile the offender in the Jack the Ripper case?
Circumspect examination of the wound patterns of murder victims.
What was the financial consequence for the City of Chicago due to the use of torture tactics?
The city paid out millions of dollars in settlements.
What notable detail did Dr. James Brussel include in his profile of the Mad Bomber?
The suspect wore a double-breasted suit.
What statistical technique did Goodwill and his colleagues use to examine inter-relationships in crime scene behaviors?
Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA).
How did researchers measure internalization in the study?
By recording comments made by participants to a co-conspirator about accepting blame.
How does the consistency of offender behavior vary?
Consistency levels vary based on the behaviors examined; for example, where crimes are committed tends to be more consistent than how offenders interact with victims.
When is the link between crime scene behaviors and background characteristics stronger?
When contextual details are taken into account.
What organization called David Canter to provide a profile of an unknown offender?
Scotland Yard.
How do professional profilers compare to untrained individuals in constructing profiles?
They may be no better than untrained individuals.
What is the origins of criminal profiling?
Criminal profiling has its roots in psychological theories and practices, particularly in understanding criminal behavior.
What similarities exist between true and false confessions?
They often have similar content and structure.
What was the purpose of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime?
To conduct research in criminal profiling and provide guidance to police agencies investigating serial crimes.
What does research suggest about the stability assumption in criminal profiling?
There is partial research support, showing moderate levels of behavioral consistency across crimes committed by serial offenders.
What is the organized-disorganized model?
A profiling model developed by the FBI that categorizes crime scenes and backgrounds of serial offenders as organized or disorganized.
What characterizes disorganized crime scene behaviors?
Impulsive crime that is chaotic in nature.
What is a common criticism of criminal profiling?
It is often based on a theoretical model of personality that lacks strong empirical support.
What type of sexual acts are typically associated with organized crimes?
Ante-mortem sexual acts committed.
What has investigative psychology evolved into over the years?
A scientific practice.
What is the theoretical base of criminal profiling?
It is grounded in psychological theories that explain criminal behavior and motivations.
What is the PEACE model used for?
It is used for conducting police interrogations in an inquisitorial framework.
What is the final step in the Reid technique?
The interrogator gets the suspect to write and sign a full confession.
What type of sexual acts are typically associated with disorganized crimes?
Post-mortem sexual acts committed.
What is another name for minimization and maximization techniques?
Good cop/Bad cop.
What is a significant consequence of false confessions?
They often lead to convictions.
What significant development occurred in the FBI during the 1970s regarding criminal profiling?
The first systematic production of profiles by a law enforcement agency and training on how to construct them.
What does inductive profiling determine?
How likely it is that an offender will possess certain background characteristics based on known offenders.
Do profiling units conduct their own research?
Yes, many conduct their own research into criminal profiling.
What is implied by minimization techniques?
A promise of leniency.
What are the primary goals of criminal profiling?
To assist law enforcement in identifying and apprehending suspects, and to provide insights into the behavior of offenders.
What does the Organized-Disorganized Model refer to in criminal profiling?
It categorizes criminals based on their behavior and the nature of their crimes, distinguishing between organized and disorganized offenders.
What does deductive profiling largely rely on?
Logical reasoning.
What is a limitation of inductive profiling?
It is unclear how this method could be used to profile offenders if the crimes being investigated are unique.
Which countries have developed similar criminal profiling units to the FBI?
Canada, Germany, and England.
What is the main focus of the conversation management method in the PEACE model?
Encouraging information gathering rather than securing a confession.
What alternative explanation might an interrogator suggest to a murder suspect?
That the crime was accidental rather than intentional homicide.
