Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Ed (1)-8-15

The science that explains the physical and chemical mechanisms responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.

A mechanism used by the brain to cause required muscle contractions without waiting for nerve signals to return.

Body weight and adiposity.

Intracellular fluid.

About 35 to 40 trillion.

It explains how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury.

The heart muscle is likely to be severely depressed.

To facilitate the continual exchange of extracellular fluid between blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

Gain = Correction / Error.

Extracellular fluid.

The lungs.

Sensory input portion, central nervous system (integrative portion), and motor output portion.

Paralysis may result from the inability of the nerves to carry signals.

It causes a slight leak of sodium ions that leads to an explosion of sodium entering the nerve fiber, creating an action potential.

Negative feedback.

The kinetic motion of the molecules in the plasma and interstitial fluid.

The maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment.

About 50% to 70%.

It can lead to a positive feedback cycle that results in death due to decreased heart pumping effectiveness.

To maintain the automaticity and continuity of life.

Genetic control systems.

A decrease in arterial pressure below normal.

A process that acts as delayed negative feedback, allowing the brain to correct movements based on previous performance.

Detoxification or removal of ingested drugs and chemicals, which are secreted into bile for elimination.

All cells of the body suffer, leading to sickness or death.

They regulate cellular functions and metabolic processes, complementing the nervous system.

By increasing the rate of breathing when carbon dioxide concentration is high.

Few cells are located more than 50 micrometers from a capillary.

Viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, invertebrate physiology, vertebrate physiology, mammalian physiology, and human physiology.

-2, meaning disturbances affect arterial pressure only one-third as much with the control system present.

Hemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs and releases it based on tissue fluid concentration.

They coordinate functions of cells, tissues, and organs, allowing the body to respond to various stimuli.

They release carbon dioxide from the blood into lung alveoli, which is then expelled into the atmosphere.

The gain of the temperature control system is about -33, making it much more effective than the baroreceptor system.

Movement of blood through blood vessels and movement between blood capillaries and intercellular spaces.

Extreme mental irritability and sometimes convulsions.

Carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Certain waste products produced in the body and toxic substances that are ingested.

Feed-forward and adaptive control.

It enables body movement to obtain food for nutrition and provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings.

Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions.

To discuss the overall organization of the body and how different parts operate in harmony to maintain homeostasis.

White blood cells, tissue cells, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.

Positive feedback can be part of an overall negative feedback process, such as in blood clotting and nerve signal generation.

Claude Bernard.

The cell.

Communities of microorganisms that inhabit the body and can provide vital functions for survival.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

7.4.

By generating new beings to replace those that are lost, thus maintaining population stability.

It increases pulmonary ventilation to decrease carbon dioxide concentration.

They help modify or store absorbed substances until needed.

It provides ions and nutrients needed for cell survival.

By filtering plasma through glomerular capillaries into tubules and reabsorbing necessary substances back into the blood.

A vicious cycle of increasing cellular metabolism that destroys the cells.

The liver changes the chemical compositions of absorbed substances to more usable forms.

The specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being.

It is important for understanding normal physiology and the pathophysiology of diseases.

Because positive feedback leads to instability and can cause death.

They play roles in digestion, nutrition, immunity, and other essential functions.

Tetanic contraction of muscles throughout the body due to excess nerve impulses.

Capillary walls are permeable to most molecules in blood plasma, except for plasma proteins.

Nerve receptors in the carotid arteries and aorta that respond to arterial wall stretch.

The alveolar membrane is only 0.4 to 2.0 micrometers thick.

It gradually decreases as a person ages, partly due to declining skeletal muscle mass and increasing fat mass.

Blood clotting, where enzymes activate more clotting factors to stop bleeding.

It protects deeper tissues, regulates temperature, excretes wastes, and provides sensory interface with the external environment.

Values outside normal ranges can lead to illness, injury, or death.

They remove metabolic end products like urea and uric acid, as well as excess ions and water.

Through powerful control systems.

Uterine contractions stretch the cervix, sending signals that cause even stronger contractions.

Baroreceptors send signals to the brain to decrease heart activity and dilate blood vessels.

It allows blood to pick up oxygen in the alveoli, which is essential for cells.

A more effective maintenance of constant conditions.

It regulates oxygen concentration in tissues based on the chemical affinity for oxygen.