What is the simplified FIGO staging for ovarian cancer?
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Stage 1: Confined to the ovary; Stage 2: Spread past the ovary but inside the pelvis; Stage 3: Spread past the pelvis but inside the abdomen; Stage 4: Spread outside the abdomen.
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What is the simplified FIGO staging for ovarian cancer?
Stage 1: Confined to the ovary; Stage 2: Spread past the ovary but inside the pelvis; Stage 3: Spread past the pelvis but inside the abdomen; Stage 4: Spread outside the abdomen.
What tumour markers are required for women under 40 with a complex ovarian mass?
Alpha-fetoprotein (α-FP) and Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
Why does ovarian cancer often have a worse prognosis?
It often presents late due to non-specific symptoms.
What are sex cord-stromal tumours?
Rare tumours that can be benign or malignant, arising from the stroma or sex cords.
What are some symptoms that may indicate ovarian cancer?
Abdominal bloating, early satiety, loss of appetite, pelvic pain, urinary symptoms, weight loss, abdominal or pelvic mass, and ascites.
What is ovarian cancer?
Cancer of the ovaries.
What may germ cell tumours cause an increase in?
Alpha-fetoprotein (α-FP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
What protective factors can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer?
Combined contraceptive pill, breastfeeding, and pregnancy.
What CA125 level is considered significant?
35 IU/mL.
What percentage of ovarian cancer patients present after it has spread beyond the pelvis?
More than 70%.
What should be considered if an ovarian mass compresses the obturator nerve?
It may cause referred hip or groin pain.
What initial investigation should be carried out for women presenting with symptoms of possible ovarian cancer?
A CA125 blood test.
What is a Krukenberg tumour?
A metastasis in the ovary, usually from gastrointestinal tract cancer, particularly the stomach.
What further investigations are done in secondary care for suspected ovarian cancer?
CT scan, histology, and paracentesis.
What does the risk of malignancy index (RMI) take into account?
Menopausal status, ultrasound findings, and CA125 level.
What are dermoid cysts?
Benign ovarian tumours that are teratomas arising from germ cells.
What are some risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Age, BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, increased number of ovulations, obesity, smoking, and recurrent use of clomifene.
What physical examination finding warrants a direct referral for suspected ovarian cancer?
Ascites.
What are some non-malignant causes of raised CA125 levels?
Endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, pelvic infection, liver disease, pregnancy.
What are the most common types of epithelial cell tumours?
Serous tumours, endometrioid carcinomas, clear cell tumours, mucinous tumours, and undifferentiated tumours.
What does the NICE guideline recommend for suspected ovarian cancer?
Refer directly on a 2-week-wait urgent cancer referral or carry out initial investigations in primary care.
What are some symptoms in women over 50 that warrant further investigation for ovarian cancer?
New symptoms of IBS, abdominal bloating, early satiety, pelvic pain, urinary frequency or urgency, weight loss.
How is ovarian cancer typically managed?
By a specialist gynaecology oncology MDT, usually involving surgery and chemotherapy.
