7-Oral-Pathology

A benign hyperpigmentation in the mucous membrane, essentially a freckle of the mucosa.

Odontogenic keratocysts

Gingivectomy and discontinuation of the drug if possible.

The classic differential diagnoses include ameloblastoma, KCOT, CGCG, and COF.

The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

They are very rare and appear as purple spots on the tongue.

It is characterized by angiomas of the leptomeninges and skin along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve.

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, which includes freckles and intestinal polyps.

Autosomal dominant

C. Associated recurrence rate

It is characterized by being recurrent and warty.

Symmetrical bilateral swelling and expansile bilateral multilocular radiolucencies

A well-circumscribed radiopaque mass that consists of a ball of cementum and cementoblasts replacing the tooth root.

A biopsy is mandatory for leukoplakia.

After puberty

B or T cells

A common skin wart caused by several strains of HPV.

Actinic Cheilitis is a condition caused by sun damage, particularly from UVB rays.

A Mucous Retention Cyst is a true cyst lined by epithelium, caused by blockage of a salivary duct by a sialolith.

D. Condyloma latum

Acellular structures found in Antoni A tissue, resembling a line of scrimmage.

Warthin's Tumor is composed of oncocytes and lymphoid cells.

B. Behcet’s Syndrome

Hyperplasia of capillaries resulting in a red appearance.

Chronic trauma or irritation.

Epstein’s pearls are small lesions located on the midline palate in newborns.

Ewing’s Sarcoma is a sarcoma of long bones involving 'round cells' and seldom affects the jaws. It primarily affects children and involves swelling.

It heals on its own in 6 - 10 weeks.

A midline neck swelling located along the embryonic path of thyroid descent.

Pemphigoid occurs below the basement membrane, while Pemphigus occurs above it.

A Primordial Cyst develops where a tooth would have formed, most commonly in the mandibular third molar region.

Full-coverage crowns for cosmetic purposes.

Plasma cell myeloma.

An erosion is an incomplete break, while an ulcer is a complete break through the epithelium.

Toms of Maine or Rembrandt.

A type of denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia that occurs in the vestibule.

It is composed of fibroblastic stroma in which foci of mineralized products are formed.

A. Neurofibromatosis type I

A neoplasm of skeletal muscle cells.

A circumscribed opaque mass of bone and osteoblasts.

Sutton Disease

The juvenile variant is aggressive, exhibits rapid growth, and occurs in younger patients.

Surgical excision

Chemotherapy and radiation.

Excision, but it has a high recurrence rate

They appear as tiny radiopaque particles.

The major form is often triggered by drug sensitivity.

A malignant proliferation of endothelial cells caused by HHV8, commonly seen as a complication of AIDS, presenting as a purple lesion.

A white line in the buccal mucosa that is a type of focal hyperkeratosis due to chronic friction on the mucosa.

A. Neurofibromatosis type I

B. Rubeola

D. Hairy leukoplakia

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Carcinoma

Oral pharyngitis is rarely seen.

It may be associated with HPV 16 and 18.

A congenital focal proliferation of capillaries.

Antibody-secreting B cells, also known as plasma cells.

Traumatic ulcers are very common.

Dense collagen with strands of epithelium.

Thrush

None.

Through oral sex with someone who has genital warts

Lymphoma

The minor form is often triggered by hypersensitivity to herpes simplex.

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, cutaneous café au lait spots, and endocrine abnormalities like precocious puberty.

The treatment for angioedema includes antihistamines.

Langerhan cells or histiocytes

It mimics squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

A Pleomorphic Adenoma is a tumor composed of a mixture of cell types, including epithelial and connective tissue, and is also known as a mixed tumor.

Symptoms include deep and intense pain, high or intermittent fever, and paresthesia or anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve.

Approximately 1 in 1000 births.

Mucosal atrophy, dysphagia, iron deficiency anemia, and increased risk of oral cancer.

Mycobacteria.

Osteosarcoma is a sarcoma of the jaws where new bone is produced by tumor cells.

Chancre

A. Nodular fasciitis

Aspirin, hydrogen peroxide, silver nitrate, and phenol are common agents that can cause chemical burns.

A dermoid cyst is a mass that can occur in the midline floor of the mouth if located above the mylohyoid muscle, or in the upper neck if below the mylohyoid. It contains adnexal structures such as hair and sebaceous glands and has a doughy consistency.

Autoantibodies against the basement membrane.

The palatine and lingual tonsils.

Treatment includes antibiotics and addressing the underlying cause.

No, it is very rare in the oral cavity.

There is a high recurrence rate if the treatment is too conservative.

It appears as a well-circumscribed radiolucency in the bone.

Fibrosarcoma is a malignant proliferation of fibroblasts.

Quadrant of teeth exhibit short roots, open apices, and enlarged pulp chambers, often referred to as ghost teeth.

Myxofibroma

A white mucosal change in the vestibule due to the direct effects of smokeless tobacco and additives.

A neoplasm of Schwann cells characterized by granular cytoplasm.

A neoplasm of fat cells, most common on buccal mucosa.

Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome

Strawberry tongue, which is a white-coated tongue with red inflamed fungiform papillae.

Hyperimmune granulomas.

Penicillin.

Intrinsic alteration of dentin

Autosomal dominant

It includes the primary symptoms plus another autoimmune disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Intrinsic alteration of dentin

Symptomatic treatment.

No, it is not fungal.

Treponema pallidum (spirochete)

Malignant proliferation of fat cells.

Folds and furrows of the tongue dorsum.

Melkersson - Rosenthal Syndrome, which includes fissured tongue, granulomatous cheilitis, and facial paralysis.

A congenital focal proliferation of lymph vessels.

Globulomaxillary Lesion

A Branchial Cyst is an epithelial cyst located within a lymph node of the neck, often presenting as a lateral neck swelling.

E. Odontogenic myxoma

Approximately 1 in 2000 births.

Leukoedema is a white or whitish-gray edematous lesion of the buccal mucosa that dissipates when the cheek is stretched.

A. Dentigerous cyst

Pemphigus vulgaris

Angiomas are tumors composed of blood vessels or lymph vessels.

It is a term used when lymphangioma occurs in the neck.

Lack of fusion between palatal shelves.

A neoplasm of Schwann cells.

A Stafne Bone Defect is characterized by a radiolucency in the posterior mandible located below the mandibular canal, caused by the lingual concavity of the jaw.

It refers to gland.

Ameloblastic fibroma

A. Dentigerous cyst

An epithelial cyst located within lymphoid tissue of the oral mucosa.

It is a condition similar to previous osteomyelitis but on a wider scale, which may lead to jaw fracture and osteomyelitis.

It can be autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked.

A neoplasm of fibroblasts that is easy to eradicate and rarely recurs.

Bohn’s nodules are small lesions found on the lateral palate in newborns.

Benign migratory glossitis and erythema migrans.

A pseudocyst composed of blood-filled spaces, characterized by multilocular radiolucency and expansile nature, commonly found in the posterior mandible.

Reed-Sternberg cells, which are malignant B cells.

Mucous and epithelial cells

An oncocyte is an epithelial cell with an excessive number of mitochondria.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A neoplasm of fibroblasts that is difficult to eradicate and often recurs.

X-linked recessive

Missing teeth and hypoplastic hair or nails

It is the second most common salivary gland malignancy for minor glands.

A rapidly expanding ulcerative lesion usually due to ischemic necrosis of minor salivary glands in response to trauma or local anesthesia.

Ectopic sebaceous glands that appear as small, painless, pale bumps in the oral cavity.

A genetic condition characterized by intrinsic alteration of enamel affecting all teeth from both dentitions, resulting in thin to no enamel while dentin and pulp remain normal.

Calcium channel blockers, Dilantin (anticonvulsant), and Cyclosporine (immunosuppressant).

Traumatic fibroma, irritation fibroma, and hyperplastic scar.

Ameloblastoma is benign but aggressive.

Leukoplakia is a clinical description characterized by a white patch that does not rub off.

Tobacco and HPV 16 and 18 are causes.

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

B. Rubeola

Pemphigus vulgaris

Diffuse mottled radiolucency.

Sodium lauryl sulfate.

The risk of development is much greater with IV than oral administration.

White annular (ringed) lesions surrounding central red islands that migrate over time.

Sarcoma

Surgical excision.

HPV 6 and 11

The recommended treatment is wide excision or resection.

Jaw pain.

A Cherry Angioma is a type of red mole.

The small lesions are caused by rests of dental lamina that epithelialize.

It is caused by trauma to the salivary duct.

There is a high risk of malignant transformation to SCC or verrucous carcinoma.

Exostoses/tori are characterized by excessive cortical bone growth.

Types include basal cell adenoma, canalicular adenoma, myoepithelioma, and oncocytic tumor.

A type of B cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma with bone marrow involvement.

After puberty.

Pindborg tumor

It presents as multilocular radiolucency and is expansile.

Chronic trauma or irritation.

Leukemia is a neoplasm of bone marrow cells, including lymphocytes, NK cells, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes.

A neoplasm of smooth muscle cells.

Radiolucency with driven snow calcifications (white flecks)

Angioedema is a diffuse swelling of the lips, neck, or face, often due to an allergic reaction to drugs or food.

Elongated filiform papillae

McCune-Albright Syndrome.

The treatment is to extract affected teeth.

Myxomatous connective tissue, which is pulp-like material with little collagen, resulting in a slimy stroma.

Inflamed salivary duct openings.

About 50%.

Autosomal dominant

Surgical excision is the treatment, with moderate recurrence.

Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors are aggressive, recurrent, and can be fatal.

An entangled submucosal mass of neural tissue and scar caused by injury to a nerve.

None.

It contains epithelial duct-like spaces and enameloid material.

Chevron pulps and short roots

It is mostly found in the anterior maxilla and over impacted canines.

A condition caused by herpes zoster reactivation in the geniculate ganglion, affecting cranial nerves VII and VIII, resulting in facial paralysis, vertigo, and deafness.

In the anterior mandible.

Elevated alkaline phosphatase is found due to too much breakdown of bone in hyperparathyroidism.

Von Recklinghausen’s disease of bone is a result of hyperparathyroidism and should not be confused with neurofibromatosis.

Excision.

Myxomatous connective tissue

Benign salivary gland diseases are characterized by non-cancerous growths or conditions affecting the salivary glands, often presenting with swelling or discomfort.

Benign salivary gland diseases typically present as painless swellings and have a favorable prognosis with appropriate treatment.

Infectious mucosal lesions are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to inflammation and other clinical manifestations.

Erosive Lichen Planus presents with Wickham striae and red ulceration.

It is a slow-growing malignancy.

A Monomorphic Adenoma is composed of a single cell type.

Fibrous hyperplasia of oral mucosa.

Warthin's Tumor is usually found in the parotid gland of older men.

Occasionally it can hurt and burn.

Genital wart

Erythema Multiforme can occur on the lips and anywhere on the skin and mucosa.

A. Odontogenic keratocysts

In the mandibular premolar region.

Idiopathic histiocytosis

Tx: surgery

HPV 16 and 18.

Gingival cyst of adult.

Van der Woude Syndrome.

Excision.

Greater than 65%.

If it is related to 'reverse smoking' (lighted end in mouth).

A neoplasm is classified as malignant as soon as it invades past the basement membrane.

None

Scleroderma is a condition characterized by the hardening of skin and connective tissue.

It occurs at the corners of the mouth.

Herpes zoster, also known as shingles.

Gorlin cyst

Erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, and arthritis.

Opportunistic infection, chronic and granulomatous.

Corticosteroids.

Strawberry gingivitis.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma

Infectious mucosal lesions are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to conditions like oral thrush or herpes simplex.

Tuberculosis is caused by the inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to develop into cancer, such as leukoplakia or erythroplakia.

The Primordial Cyst is most commonly found in the mandibular third molar region.

A piece of dead bone.

Surgical excision and extraction.

A. Nodular fasciitis

Schwann cells

Leukemia

CHX rinse, antibiotics, and conservative surgery.

A form of denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia that occurs on the palate.

A mucocele is common in the lower lip.

A traumatic implantation of amalgam particles into the mucosa.

A ranula occurs when the mucous extravasation phenomenon happens on the floor of the mouth.

B. Behcet’s Syndrome

In the gum.

The treatment is complete excision.

Autosomal dominant

No, it does not present with radiolucency.

In the trigeminal ganglion.

Erythroplakia is a clinical description characterized by a red patch that is considered to have a higher risk than leukoplakia. A biopsy is mandatory for treatment.

Corticosteroids

In the trigeminal ganglion.

Breast, lung, kidney, colon, and prostate.

At the mental foramen.

Large radiolucency scalloped around roots.

The most common site for Pleomorphic Adenoma in parotid glands is the ear.

No, teeth are not good candidates for restoration

The treatment for osteosarcoma includes resection and chemotherapy.

ANA test.

Bulbous crowns appear due to constricted DEJ

A herpes infection on the head.

Bisphosphonates and calcitonin.

Corticosteroids.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Ground-glass appearance.

It is favored in the posterior mandible.

Cribriform or Swiss cheese microscopic pattern

Chondrosarcoma is a sarcoma of the jaws where new cartilage is produced by tumor cells.

Autosomal dominant

Heart-shaped radiolucency in the nasopalatine canal.

The most common location for KCOT is the posterior ascending ramus of the mandible.

70%

The types of leukemia in order of severity are ALL > CML > AML > CLL.

It can be inherited in either an autosomal dominant or recessive manner.

HPV 13 and 32

Yes, measles is self-limiting and primarily occurs in childhood.

Good prognosis

It presents as a messy radiolucency with unclear borders and a honeycomb pattern.

The treatment is surgical excision.

Pain, swelling, and especially paresthesia.

The most common benign salivary gland tumor is Pleomorphic Adenoma.

Low-grade inflammation like chronic pulpitis

Pleomorphic Adenoma presents as a firm rubbery swelling that can range from small to huge in size.

Primarily pulmonary disease, but also affects salivary glands and mucosa.

Brown, diffuse, irregular macules.

Xerostomia.

On skin, mucosa, and viscera.

A brown tumor is due to excess osteoclast activity resulting from hyperparathyroidism.

Suprabasilar separation with autoantibodies against desmosomes.

Herpangina

The prognosis is good.

Oral mucous patch, condyloma latum, maculopapular rash

Neurofibrosarcomas.

Excision, but it may be a source of future odontogenic tumor.

Root canal therapy (RCT), apicoectomy, or extraction with curettage.

Identifying mucosal lesions is crucial for diagnosing underlying conditions, determining treatment options, and monitoring for potential malignancy.

Fusion occurs when two buds merge into one tooth, resulting in a tooth count that is one less than normal.

Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

B. Lymphoma

A condition that causes skin (and mucosa) to be fragile and blister easily.

Swelling, pain, tooth mobility, lip paresthesia, and halts root development.

Human leukocyte antigen

A reactive process of unknown origin, most common at the apices of mandibular anterior teeth.

Surgical excision.

The three clinical signs of leukemia are bleeding (due to low platelets), fatigue (due to low RBCs), and infection (due to low WBCs).

Minor aphthous ulcer

Antral pseudocyst

Surgical recontouring for cosmetics.

Several strains of HPV.

Poor prognosis.

Varicella, also known as chickenpox, which is self-limiting and occurs in childhood.

Excision.

80% of cases are unilateral.

Local invasion refers to the cancer spreading into the connective tissue.

Malignant proliferation of smooth muscle cells.

Spine, femur, skull, and jaws.

Antifungal medications such as azole or statin.

Multiple neuromas, medullary thyroid cancer, and pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland.

A herpes infection on the finger.

At the apex of a nonvital tooth

In the mandible of teenagers.

Periapical (jaw infections) and cervicofacial (head and neck infections).

Cryptococcosis is a deep fungal infection commonly found in the US West.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

Notched incisors and mulberry molars, deafness, ocular keratitis

Surgical excision

Malignant bone lesions can indicate the presence of cancer that may require aggressive treatment and can affect overall prognosis.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Lymphoid neoplasms are cancers that originate from lymphoid tissue, which can affect the oral cavity and surrounding structures.

D. Human leukocyte antigen

Most undergo involution, but persistent lesions are excised.

Due to sun damage

B. Lymphoma

No treatment is necessary as the cysts will involute as the infant ages.

D. Hairy leukoplakia

Caused by oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.

The treatment for Monomorphic Adenoma is surgical excision.

It can be autosomal dominant or recessive.

Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors are associated with thin corrugated parakeratinized epithelium.

It is always associated with a vital tooth.

Middle-aged black females.

A Lingual Thyroid is a thyroid tissue mass located at the midline base of the tongue.

Discrete punched out 'ice cream scoop' radiolucencies that lead to floating teeth

Blockage of glands in sinus mucosa

Red macules or papules, dilated or broken capillaries.

It appears lucent to opaque.

Epistaxis (nosebleeds)

All teeth from both dentitions are affected

Iron-deficiency anemia

Disc-like lesions on facial skin and oral lesions that mimic erosive lichen planus.

All teeth from both dentitions are affected

Odontomas can block the eruption of teeth.

The treatment is surgical excision.

Acyclovir.

Coccidioidomycosis, also known as valley fever, is a deep fungal infection found in the US Southwest.

An allergic reaction to inhaled antigen characterized by strawberry gingivitis.

Positive Nikolsky’s sign.

Aspirate to diagnose and just monitor.

Infectious mucosal lesions are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to inflammation and ulceration.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development and can lead to various complications if not treated.

The treatment for a Primordial Cyst is complete removal.

Chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periosteitis (onion skin).

Gemination is when one root buds into two crowns, leading to a normal tooth count.

Multiple punched out radiolucencies, usually in the skull.

Amorphous pink amyloid with concentric calcifications termed Liesegang rings

Chondrosarcoma has the same presentation and treatment as previous sarcomas.

Asymptomatic spongy white buccal mucosa

10%

It presents as a white plaque that rubs off.

Chemotherapy.

Infection and inflammation usually begins in the medullary space involving the cancellous bone.

Missing clavicles and supernumerary teeth

Condensing Osteitis

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is another name for the major form.

Less than 20%.

Congenital epulis of newborn, which does not have PEH.

None, just address the cause

The most common site for Pleomorphic Adenoma in minor salivary glands is the palate.

Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells access blood or lymph to travel around the body.

A neoplasm of Schwann cells and fibroblasts.

Elevated alkaline phosphatase due to breakdown of bone.

Ghost cells are empty spaces where the nucleus was, filled with keratin, which can undergo calcification.

Gardner Syndrome is associated with multiple odontomas and intestinal polyps.

They can show little radiodensities.

Dentures (and hats) become too tight.

Blue sclera

Children and teens

Immunologic diseases involve abnormal immune responses that can lead to lesions in the oral mucosa, such as lichen planus or pemphigus.

Basal zone vacuolization and sawtooth rete pegs.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to progress to cancer, such as leukoplakia or erythroplakia.

Leukemia is classified based on cell lineage (myeloid or lymphoid) and whether the disease is acute or chronic.

Alberts-Schonberg disease and marble bone disease.

D. Condyloma latum

The treatment is excision.

Very rarely metastasizes

Amyloidosis.

It occurs when strep throat becomes a systemic infection.

Lack of bone remodeling and resorption leads to 'stone bone'.

Gorlin Syndrome is associated with multiple KCOTs, multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), and calcified falx cerebri.

Multiple small dome-shaped warts on oral mucosa

An autoimmune condition that affects salivary and tear glands, leading to dry eyes and dry mouth.

Excision with excellent prognosis

No, the tooth is NOT loose; this is caused by periodontitis.

Chemicals in tobacco stimulate melanocytes.

The treatment includes antibiotics and drainage.

Actinomyces israeli i (filamentous)

Hyperparathyroidism causes multiple bone lesions that look like CGCGs due to excessive levels of parathyroid hormone.

It is a radiolucency attached to the CEJ of the impacted tooth.

Multiple painful ulcers preceded by bullae.

Posterior mandible

Acute (abscess) and Chronic (granuloma)

Full-coverage crowns for cosmetics

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Fibro-osseous lesions are a group of conditions characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue and mineralized products.

Immunologic diseases involve the immune system's response leading to lesions, such as lichen planus or pemphigus vulgaris.

Malignant bone lesions are cancerous growths that can arise in the bone, such as osteosarcoma.

EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)

Group A strep (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Antibiotics and debridement.

Well-defined multilocular radiolucency.

Cystification of canal remnants.

A white patch on the lateral tongue that does not wipe off.

Chondrosarcoma is more common involving the condyle due to its cartilaginous origin.

Palate and gingiva.

It is similar in appearance and behavior to cementifying fibroma, which is also an odontogenic tumor.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Carcinoma in situ indicates that all of the epithelium is affected.

The treatment for KCOT is aggressive enucleation.

On the dorsal tongue.

Excision, radiation, and chemotherapy

Stress, sunlight, or immunosuppression.

Excision or radiation.

Major aphthous ulcer

Scleroderma leads to restricted opening and uniform widening of the PDL space.

Fibroblasts and multinucleated giant cells.

The 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 25-40%.

No, it has no epithelial lining (dead space).

Yes, it is reversible if smoking is discontinued.

Usually associated with jaw trauma.

Gumma, CNS involvement, CV involvement

Corticosteroids (prednisone) and cyclophosphamide.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that can invade surrounding tissues, such as squamous cell carcinoma.

The treatment is excision.

In the gingiva.

A malignancy of melanocytes.

Angioedema is mediated by the release of IgE and histamines from mast cells.

Koplik’s spots are dot ulcers on the buccal mucosa that precede the skin rash in measles.

The most common initiating causes are odontogenic infection and trauma.

Invaginations at commissures or near midline.

Dysplasia is considered a pre-cancerous condition.

Autosomal dominant

Excision.

Pan-oral, self-limiting.

It appears red.

Teeth are vital.

Burkitt’s lymphoma

Benign epithelial pedunculated or sessile proliferation on skin or mucosa.

Ill-defined changes.

A progressive metabolic disturbance of many bones causing symmetrical enlargement, typically in adults older than 50.

20% of cases are bilateral.

The two types of odontomas are compound odontomas, which are mostly anterior and resemble a bunch of miniature teeth, and complex odontomas, which are mostly posterior and appear as a conglomerate mass.

Malignant proliferation of skeletal muscle cells.

Radicular Cyst

Blastomycosis is a deep fungal infection found in the US Northeast, associated with spores.

Cotton wool appearance.

A radiolucency with thin wispy septations.

Necrotic pulp

Accumulation of fluid between the crown and reduced enamel epithelium.

Corticosteroids.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to progress to cancer, such as leukoplakia or erythroplakia.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development and can lead to various complications if not treated.

Lymphoid neoplasms are cancers that originate from lymphoid tissue, which can affect the oral cavity and surrounding structures.

Behcet’s Syndrome

It is located along the embryonic path of thyroid descent.

It is characterized by loss of lingual papillae.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) and xerostomia (dry mouth).

An odontoma is an opaque lesion composed of dental hard tissues.

Cold sore or fever blister.

Periapical cyst

It is caused by a lack of fusion between the medial nasal process and the maxillary process.

Typically seen in anterior gingiva.

Multiple organ involvement and a butterfly rash over the bridge of the nose.

Short roots, bell-shaped crowns, and obliterated pulps

Acyclovir.

Multiple skin freckles (café au lait spots), axillary freckles (Crowe’s sign), and iris freckles (Lisch spots).

They are rare and unpredictable.

Long-term high-dose penicillin.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

T lymphocytes target and destroy basal keratinocytes.

Benign salivary gland diseases are characterized by non-cancerous growths or conditions affecting the salivary glands, often presenting with swelling or discomfort.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development, often associated with teeth.

Benign odontogenic tumors are non-cancerous growths that originate from the tissues involved in tooth formation, such as odontomas.

Infectious mucosal lesions are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to inflammation and other clinical manifestations.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development and can be classified into various types.

Hereditary conditions are genetic disorders that can affect the development and health of oral and maxillofacial structures.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that arise from the mucosal tissues of the oral cavity.

Mucosal lesions due to infections are typically caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens.

Simple bone cyst or idiopathic bone cavity.

Osteosarcoma is characterized by a sunburst pattern.

Attached gingiva and hard palate.

Eruption cyst

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Neurofibromatosis type I, also known as Von Recklinghausen’s disease.

Anterior uveitis, parotid gland enlargement, facial nerve palsy, and fever.

Canines and third molars.

A red-purple gingival mass.

They are found in purulent exudate in Actinomycosis.

Cells from Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) that encapsulate the lesion in a Radicular Cyst.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that can arise in the oral cavity, such as squamous cell carcinoma.

Wickham striae are reticular lesions that are more common in Lichen Planus.

Immunologic diseases affecting mucosal lesions include conditions like lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris, which involve immune system dysregulation.

Mucosal lesions — infections can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens, leading to conditions like herpes simplex or candidiasis.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that can arise in the oral cavity, such as squamous cell carcinoma.

Odontogenic tumors are neoplasms that originate from the tissues involved in tooth formation, including benign and malignant types.

Mucosal lesions — infections can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens, leading to conditions like herpes simplex or candidiasis.

Malignant bone lesions are cancerous growths that arise in the bone tissue, leading to destruction and other systemic effects.

Mucosal lesions due to infections can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development, often associated with teeth.

Benign odontogenic tumors are non-cancerous growths that arise from the tissues involved in tooth formation.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that arise from the mucous membranes.

Uveoparotid fever.

Histoplasmosis is a deep fungal infection prevalent in the US Midwest.

Identifying premalignant mucosal lesions is crucial for early intervention and prevention of progression to oral cancer.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development and can lead to various complications if untreated.

Identifying premalignant mucosal lesions is crucial for early intervention and prevention of progression to oral cancer.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Reactive mucosal lesions are typically caused by irritation or trauma and may include conditions like fibromas and hyperplastic lesions.

Miliary tuberculosis refers to the systemic spread of the infection.

Hereditary conditions are genetic disorders that can affect the development and health of oral structures.

Bone lesions — fibro-osseous are lesions characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue and mineralized material.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that arise during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities or diseases affecting the mucous membranes in the oral cavity.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities or diseases affecting the mucous membranes in the oral cavity.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to develop into cancer if not treated.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to develop into cancer if not treated.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that arise from the mucosal tissues.

Bone lesions — giant cell are characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and can be benign or malignant.

Immunologic diseases are conditions where the immune system reacts abnormally, leading to lesions in the mucosal tissues.

Benign CT tumors are non-cancerous growths that arise from connective tissues in the oral and maxillofacial region.

Malignant CT tumors are cancerous growths that originate from connective tissues and can invade surrounding structures.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

Reactive mucosal lesions are typically caused by irritation or trauma and may include conditions like fibromas or hyperplastic lesions.

Malignant bone lesions are characterized by aggressive growth, potential for metastasis, and a poorer prognosis compared to benign lesions.

Oral nonhealing chronic ulcers can follow lung infection.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development.

Benign odontogenic tumors are non-cancerous growths that originate from the tissues involved in tooth formation, such as odontomas.

Giant cell lesions are characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and can be either benign or malignant, such as giant cell granuloma.

Mucosal lesions — immunologic diseases are lesions resulting from immune-mediated conditions, such as lichen planus or pemphigus vulgaris.

Mucosal lesions — premalignant are changes in the oral mucosa that have the potential to progress to cancer, such as leukoplakia or erythroplakia.

Mucosal lesions — malignant refer to cancerous changes in the oral mucosa, such as squamous cell carcinoma.

Immunologic diseases involve abnormal immune responses that can lead to lesions in the oral mucosa, such as autoimmune conditions.

Identifying mucosal lesions is crucial for diagnosing underlying conditions and determining appropriate treatment.

Inflammatory bone lesions are caused by infections or inflammatory processes that affect the bone structure.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Reactive mucosal lesions are changes in the oral mucosa that occur in response to irritation or injury, such as fibromas or hyperplastic lesions.

Mucosal lesions — reactive are changes in the oral mucosa that occur in response to irritation or trauma, such as fibromas or hyperplastic lesions.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to progress to cancer if not treated.

Fibro-osseous lesions are conditions characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue and mineralized products.

Fibro-osseous lesions are a group of conditions characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue and mineralized material.

Benign tumors are non-cancerous and typically do not spread, while malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development, often associated with teeth.

Mucosal lesions — reactive are changes in the oral mucosa that occur in response to irritation or trauma, such as fibromas or hyperplastic lesions.

Inflammatory bone lesions are conditions resulting from inflammation, which can lead to bone destruction or formation.

Benign odontogenic tumors are non-cancerous growths that arise from the tissues of the tooth-forming apparatus, such as ameloblastomas.

Odontogenic tumors are neoplasms that originate from the tissues involved in tooth formation, including both benign and malignant types.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to other parts of the body.

Infectious mucosal lesions are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to conditions like ulcers or lesions.

Benign CT tumors are non-cancerous growths that arise from connective tissues.

Malignant CT tumors are cancerous growths in connective tissue that can invade nearby structures and spread to other areas.

Hereditary conditions are genetic disorders that can affect the development and health of oral structures.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities or diseases affecting the mucous membranes in the oral cavity.

Giant cell bone lesions are characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and can be either benign or malignant.

Inflammatory bone lesions are conditions resulting from inflammation in the bone, often due to infection or autoimmune processes.

Mucosal lesions can result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, such as herpes simplex virus or candidiasis.

Immunologic diseases involve abnormal immune responses that can lead to lesions in the oral mucosa, such as autoimmune conditions.

Benign odontogenic tumors are non-cancerous growths that originate from the tissues involved in tooth formation, such as ameloblastoma.

Corticosteroids are used for treatment.

Mucosal lesions — immunologic diseases are lesions resulting from immune system disorders, such as lichen planus or pemphigus vulgaris.

Giant cell lesions of bone are characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and can be either benign or malignant.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development, often associated with impacted teeth.

Fibro-osseous lesions are conditions characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue and mineralized products.

Inflammatory bone lesions are typically caused by infections or inflammatory processes, leading to conditions like osteomyelitis.

Immunologic diseases are conditions where the immune system reacts abnormally, leading to lesions in the mucosal tissues.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to progress to cancer if not treated.

Bone lesions — fibro-osseous are lesions characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue and mineralized material.

Benign CT tumors are non-cancerous growths in connective tissue that do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.

Benign salivary gland diseases are non-cancerous conditions affecting the salivary glands, often resulting in swelling or dysfunction.

Malignant salivary gland diseases are cancerous conditions that affect the salivary glands.

Secondary tuberculosis is characterized by a more widespread lung infection with cavitation.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that can arise in the oral cavity, including squamous cell carcinoma.

Hereditary conditions in oral pathology are genetic disorders that affect the development and structure of oral and dental tissues.

Giant cell lesions are characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and can be either benign or malignant.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that occur during the formation of oral structures, which can affect teeth, jaws, and soft tissues.

Hereditary conditions are genetic disorders that can affect the development and structure of oral and maxillofacial tissues.

Benign salivary gland diseases are non-cancerous conditions affecting the salivary glands.

Inflammatory bone lesions are conditions resulting from inflammation, which can lead to bone destruction or changes in bone structure.

Mucosal lesions due to infections are caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Malignant CT tumors are cancerous growths in connective tissues, such as sarcomas.

Benign odontogenic tumors are non-cancerous growths that originate from the tissues involved in tooth formation.

Fibro-osseous lesions are conditions where normal bone is replaced by fibrous tissue and mineralized material, such as fibrous dysplasia.

The treatment for tuberculosis involves multidrug therapy, including isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol.

Inflammatory bone lesions are caused by infections or inflammatory processes, leading to conditions like osteomyelitis.

Bone lesions — inflammatory are caused by infections or inflammatory processes, leading to conditions like osteomyelitis.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development.

Reactive salivary gland diseases are conditions that occur due to inflammation or irritation of the salivary glands.

Benign salivary gland diseases are non-cancerous conditions affecting the salivary glands, often resulting in swelling or dysfunction.

Malignant salivary gland diseases are cancerous conditions that affect the salivary glands and can lead to serious health issues.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop from the tissues involved in tooth development.

Odontogenic cysts are cysts that arise from the tissues involved in tooth development.

Malignant CT tumors are cancerous growths that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites.

Malignant mucosal lesions are cancerous growths that arise from the mucosal tissues of the oral cavity.

Mucosal lesions — premalignant are changes in the oral mucosa that have the potential to progress to cancer, such as leukoplakia or erythroplakia.

Mucosal lesions — malignant refer to cancerous changes in the oral mucosa, such as squamous cell carcinoma.

Immunologic diseases involve abnormal immune responses that can lead to lesions such as lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris.

Giant cell lesions are characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and can be either benign or malignant.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that arise during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Hereditary conditions are genetic disorders that can affect oral health, such as cleft lip and palate or amelogenesis imperfecta.

Fibro-osseous lesions are a group of conditions characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue and mineralized products.

Mucosal lesions are abnormalities that occur on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, which can be reactive, infectious, immunologic, premalignant, or malignant.

Malignant bone lesions are cancerous growths in the bone, such as osteosarcoma or metastatic lesions.

Bone lesions — malignant refer to cancerous growths in bone, such as osteosarcoma or metastatic lesions.

Reactive salivary gland diseases are conditions that result from inflammation or irritation of the salivary glands.

Malignant salivary gland diseases are cancerous conditions that affect the salivary glands, potentially leading to serious health issues.

Lymphoid neoplasms are cancers that arise from lymphoid tissue, which can affect the oral cavity and surrounding areas.

Fibro-osseous bone lesions are conditions where normal bone is replaced by fibrous tissue and mineralized material.

Mucosal lesions can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, leading to conditions like herpes simplex or candidiasis.

Premalignant mucosal lesions are changes in the mucosa that have the potential to develop into cancer if not treated.

Common infections include viral infections like herpes simplex, fungal infections like candidiasis, and bacterial infections.

HIV patients are at high risk of getting progressive tuberculosis disease.

Bone lesions — giant cell are characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and can be benign or malignant.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that arise during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Bone lesions — malignant refer to cancerous growths in the bone, such as osteosarcoma.

Odontogenic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop from the tissues involved in tooth development.

Inflammatory bone lesions are typically caused by infections or chronic inflammation, leading to conditions like osteomyelitis.

Giant cell lesions are bone lesions that contain multinucleated giant cells and can be either benign or aggressive.

A premalignant mucosal lesion is one that has the potential to develop into cancer if not treated.

Hereditary conditions in oral pathology are genetic disorders that affect the development and structure of oral tissues, such as cleft lip and palate.

Lymphoid neoplasms are cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, affecting lymphoid tissues.

Hereditary conditions are genetic disorders that can affect the development and health of oral structures.

Malignant bone lesions are cancerous growths that can originate in the bone or spread from other parts of the body.

Malignant bone lesions are cancerous growths that can destroy bone tissue and spread to other parts of the body.

Malignant salivary gland diseases are cancerous conditions that can arise in the salivary glands, potentially leading to serious health issues.

Immunologic diseases are conditions where the immune system causes inflammation or damage to the mucosal tissues.

The Ghon complex consists of inhaled bacteria surrounded in a granuloma that undergoes caseating necrosis, along with an infected hilar lymph node draining the first lesion.

Inflammatory bone lesions are caused by infections or inflammatory processes that affect the bone, leading to pain and swelling.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that arise during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Giant cell lesions are bone lesions characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells, often associated with various conditions.

Malignant bone lesions are cancerous growths in the bone, such as osteosarcoma or metastatic lesions.

Developmental conditions refer to abnormalities that arise during the development of the oral and maxillofacial structures.