Nationalism in India

Non-cooperation could become a movement by mobilizing the masses to refuse to support British rule, thereby demonstrating that the British could not govern without Indian cooperation. This collective refusal would weaken the British authority and pave the way for swaraj.

Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements and reinterpret history.

Nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement as it helped discover unity among various groups in their struggle against colonialism.

The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.

He declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.

Nehru is shown holding the image of Bharat Mata and the map of India close to his heart.

They had made huge profits and become powerful, but British rules were a barrier to their expansion.

Participation was not in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region.

The participation in the rebellion was primarily by the tribal people of the Gudem Hills.

It started as a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar.

Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth.

Reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

The main goal of the Quit India Movement was to demand an end to British rule in India.

The immediate demands were the transfer of power to Indians and the complete withdrawal of the British.

Carrying the Swaraj flag aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance and helped unify people in their nationalist sentiments.

Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, leading to village officials resigning.

Many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.

Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.

There were demonstrations against the Simon Commission.

The boycott of foreign cloth was seen as a symbol of resistance against Western economic and cultural domination.

To look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

The movement aimed to address the political empowerment of dalits by advocating for their representation and rights within the legislative framework.

He organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.

An atmosphere of suspicion and distrust existed between communities.

They were interested in the lowering of the revenue demand and wanted unpaid rent to landlords to be remitted.

They made efforts to renegotiate an alliance, suggesting that unity could be forged.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose.

According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

In 1918.

The spinning wheel in the Swaraj flag symbolized the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

He asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.

Women began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty.

The Poona Pact

Local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.

Rich peasants supported the movement as they sought to protect their economic interests and gain more political power.

Many were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920.

They imagined it to be a time when all suffering and troubles would be over, relating emotionally to an all-India agitation.

Poor peasants participated in the movement hoping to address their grievances related to land revenue and economic hardships.

They participated actively, driven by their disappointment over high revenue demands.

Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

The arrest of Mahatma Gandhi.

Yes, India was significantly affected by the First World War, which altered its economic and political landscape.

Nationalists used icons such as a tricolour flag designed with red, green, and yellow, eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindus and Muslims.

People began to believe they were part of the same nation through shared experiences of united struggles and discovering common unity. Cultural processes like history, folklore, songs, and symbols played a significant role in shaping nationalism.

Because the commission did not have a single Indian member and was entirely British.

A nation with many voices wanting freedom from colonial rule.

The initial step was the surrender of titles awarded by the government and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.

The Swaraj flag, a tricolour of red, green, and white with a spinning wheel in the center, represented the Gandhian ideal of self-help and became a symbol of defiance during marches.

The effects included boycotting foreign goods, picketing liquor shops, burning foreign cloth, halving the import of foreign cloth between 1921 and 1922, merchants refusing to trade in foreign goods, and an increase in the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms.

Nationalist leaders are shown offering their heads to Bharat Mata, symbolizing sacrifice for the motherland.

They were hard hit by falling prices and found it difficult to pay the government's revenue demand.

Unity often broke down due to phases of disunity and inner conflict between groups.

They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

A satyagrahi aims to win a battle by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor rather than seeking vengeance or being aggressive.

The Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.

They attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials, and carried on guerrilla warfare.

The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.

A struggle against high revenues.

At the Calcutta session, Gandhiji convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of the Khilafat issue as well as for swaraj.

The Poona Pact gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

The Rowlatt Act was associated with the Rowlatt Satyagraha, which involved protests against repressive laws.

The demand for 'Purna Swaraj' or full independence for India.

He claimed to make correct astrological predictions, heal people, and survive bullet shots.

A black law passed through the imperial legislative council that gave the government enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

The Nationalism movement in India began in January 1921.

Economic depression and the Simon Commission.

They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

A large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.

They were affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic.

As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue.

Abanindranath Tagore

The formation of nation-states played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape and fostering a sense of unity among diverse communities in India.

The British administration clamped down on nationalists by picking up local leaders from Amritsar and barring Mahatma Gandhi from entering Delhi.

The Rowlatt Act was linked to the Khilafat issue.

She is depicted as an ascetic figure, calm, composed, divine, and spiritual.

Many villagers gathered to protest against the government’s new repressive measures and to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.

M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.

Boycott of foreign goods.

The hopes were high for relief and support, but the reality was marked by severe crop failures and widespread suffering.

General Dyer took command after martial law was imposed.

There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.

The Justice party refused to boycott the elections.

240 miles.

Dalit

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915.

They believed it was essential to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.

The tricolour flag represented a sense of collective belonging among the people during the Swadeshi movement.

They believed it had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces.

In Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.

For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space of the tea gardens and retaining a link with their home village.

The Dandi March was a pivotal event that symbolized the Indian people's defiance against British salt laws and galvanized support for the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The radical movements were often led by Socialists and Communists.

Increase in defence expenditure through war loans and increased taxes, including raised customs duties and the introduction of income tax.

The young Muslim leaders were the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed.

It resulted in a violent clash with the police.

Gandhiji went to London for the second round table conference.

It emphasizes her ascetic quality.

Peasants participated actively by refusing to pay taxes and supporting the boycott of British goods.

His ashram in Sabarmati.

It acquired many different forms as it circulated in popular prints and was painted by different artists.

Tribals joined the movement by resisting colonial laws and participating in protests against British rule.

He discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.

Women actively participated, contributing to the movement and advocating for their rights.

Mahatma Gandhi

The First World War forged a feeling of nationalism and created a new economic and political situation in India.

The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God.

New symbols and icons included songs, ideas, and cultural elements that forged new links and redefined community boundaries.

The demands included reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate electorate to choose dalit members for legislative councils.

Mahatma Gandhi was accompanied by 78 volunteers during the Salt March.

The movement was triggered when the government forced the hill people to contribute begar for road building, leading to their revolt.

During the Salt March, Mahatma Gandhi was joined by thousands of people as they marched to Dandi.

People began to redefine their identity and sense of belonging through new cultural expressions and collective consciousness.

Gandhiji launched the Quit India Movement calling for complete withdrawal of the British from India.

The Congress continuously attempted to resolve differences and ensure that the demands of one group did not alienate another.

Thousands broke the salt law, manufactured salt, and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.

The main principle of Satyagraha is that if the cause is true and the struggle is against injustice, physical force is not necessary; one can win through nonviolence.

He began a fast unto death.

The glorification of a Hindu-centric past made people from other communities feel left out.

The First World War, along with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements, led to the emergence of a new leader and a new mode of struggle.

The refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand.

The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra, and a few others.

Industrialists participated to seek greater economic freedom and reduce colonial restrictions.

Nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.

Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.

Rabindranath Tagore

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

The strict forest laws affected the livelihoods of tribal people and denied them their traditional rights.

In 1928.

Nationalist histories emphasized the glorious developments in ancient times, urging readers to take pride in India's achievements and struggle against British rule.

Rich Peasants saw the movement as a way to improve their economic conditions.

A full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

To abolish the salt tax.

The houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over.

Poor Peasants were less involved and often saw it as a struggle for their survival.

A compromise was worked out, and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.

The Inland Emigration Act of 1859 restricted the movement of plantation workers.

A vague offer of 'dominion status' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.

Aruna Asaf Ali played a significant role by hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank in Bombay, symbolizing the start of the movement.

The negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.

Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

For fear of offending others.

To inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

The countryside was in turmoil due to the falling agricultural prices and the impact of the Worldwide Economic Depression.

A massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales titled 'The Folklore of Southern India'.

Satyagraha means 'Truth + To hold firm'.

Mahatma Gandhi.

Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, and headmasters and teachers resigned.

The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people.

He was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in Bengal and Punjab.

They gradually lost their influence as the radicals became more assertive.

He called them harijan, or the children of God.

On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, which provoked widespread attacks on banks, post offices, and railway stations.

The notion of swaraj was interpreted in their own ways, reflecting a pan India movement.

The All India Congress Committee endorsed a resolution calling for a non-violent mass struggle throughout the country.

The Jallianwala Bagh Incident is a significant event associated with the Rowlatt Act.

The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all action and aspirations.

The import of foreign cloth halved during this period.

The movement lost its momentum due to various factors, including internal divisions, lack of widespread support, and the British government's repressive measures.

Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent civil disobedience against the Rowlatt Act, which included a hartal on 6 April, 1919.

The Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, where a peaceful demonstration turned violent.

The Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited mostly to cities and towns.

Feelings of nationalism were created through the reinterpretation of history.

Separate electorates for dalits

Baba Ramchandra.

The Sense of Collective Belonging

The infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident occurred, where a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground.

The idea of satyagraha emphasises the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

As the industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof.

Lawyers gave up their legal practices.

They formed the Swaraj Party to argue for a return to council politics.

Gandhiji saw the discussions as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

The production of Indian textile mills and handlooms increased as people began to discard imported clothes and wear only Indian ones.

Both the oppressors and the oppressed need to be persuaded to see the truth instead of being forced to accept it through violence.

Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

Many forest people violated forest laws by going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

They sought protection against imports of foreign goods and a favorable rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio.

The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March, marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

All social groups responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people.

Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, leading to varied experiences and notions of freedom.

Crowds took to the streets, engaged in strikes, clashed with police, and attacked government buildings.

The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey, leading to rumors of a harsh peace treaty being imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the Khalifa.

The Congress became more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha, worsening relations.

Thousands of women participated by listening to Gandhi, joining protest marches, manufacturing salt, and picketing foreign cloth and liquor shops.

The Congress Working Committee passed the 'Quit India' resolution on 14 July 1942.

Jawaharlal Nehru began touring around villages.

Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots occurred in various cities.

The Congress was apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords.

The price of essential commodities increased, leading to extreme hardship for common people.

Nai-dhobi bandhs.

He organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads, and schools.

The effects of World War II and the failure of the Cripps Mission contributed to the Quit India Movement.

He was captured and executed, and over time became a folk hero.

Gandhi used a novel method of mass agitation.

The Civil Disobedience Movement involved not only refusing cooperation with the British but also actively breaking colonial laws.

Differing strands include Non-Cooperation, Khilafat Movement, Swaraj in the plantations, rebellion in the countryside, and the movement in the towns.

Mahatma Gandhi felt the need to bring Hindus and Muslims closer together.

The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge different groups together within one unified movement.

Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Ram Manohar Lohia were key figures in the Quit India Movement.

They pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.

Plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and they were rarely given such permission.

People boycotted foreign goods, picketed liquor shops, and burned foreign cloth in huge bonfires.

Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement seeing the violence spread.

Alternative Indian institutions had to be set up to replace British ones, which were slow to come up.

Nationalists viewed India's history as one of glorious achievements followed by a decline due to colonization.

The infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident.

1930 - 31

Talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and various cesses.

Workers were generally less involved and focused on their immediate economic struggles.

Some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils.

Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.

No, it did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualised.

Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers returned to work in government courts.

'Do or Die' speech.

Jayprakash Narayan was a prominent leader who called for a mass uprising against British rule during the Quit India Movement.

He was a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.

The idea of Satyagraha.

26 January 1930.

Jawaharlal Nehru.

A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations, and boycotts.

The growing influence of socialism.

The Indian National Movement had various strands, including urban protests, rural rebellions, and specific movements like Swaraj in the plantations, reflecting diverse aspirations and strategies.

Nationalist histories aimed to reinterpret history to foster a sense of collective belonging among Indians.

The government responded with a policy of brutal repression.

The effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.

The Dalit movement continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national movement.

There were limitations in the extent of peasant participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

He ceremonially violated the salt law by manufacturing salt.

To forge a national unity.

It brought various groups and classes together.

The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March, was a 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea led by Gandhi in 1930 to protest the British salt tax, marking a pivotal moment in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Mahatma Gandhi.

The movement faced challenges due to the slow establishment of alternative institutions, leading to a return to British institutions.

Industrialists supported the movement to oppose colonial policies that hindered their business interests and to seek greater autonomy.

Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.

To channel people’s grievances into organized movements for independence.

They were worried about prolonged disruption of business.

Satyagraha is a philosophy of non-violent resistance developed by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing the power of truth and moral force in the struggle against oppression.

He himself cleaned toilets.

There was a limitation of peasant participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement due to various factors including violence.

The text does not specify the reason for the Justice party's decision.

6 April 1930.

The Congress had been declared illegal.

'Vande Mataram' was written as a hymn to the motherland.

The Civil Disobedience Movement included acts of defiance against British laws, most notably the Salt March led by Gandhi, which symbolized the fight for Indian independence.

Gandhiji believed it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, and to be good mothers and wives.

Thousands of workers wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

The movement united various communities in rural areas against colonial rule, leading to increased political awareness.

Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Ram Manohar Lohia.

Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam, and Rama Devi in Odisha.

'Vande Mataram' was included in the novel Anandamath.

The Quit India Movement, launched in 1942, was a mass protest demanding an end to British rule in India, marked by widespread civil disobedience and significant participation from all sections of society.

Gandhi agreed to call off the movement and consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London, while the government agreed to release the political prisoners.

They were identifying with a movement which went beyond the limits of their immediate locality, exemplified by slogans of Swatantra Bharat.

He persuaded them to change their heart and give up 'the sin of untouchability'.

They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

They believed that colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.

They responded with much force, and it took more than a year to suppress the movement.

'Vande Mataram' was widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

The sense of collective belonging emerged as diverse groups united against colonial rule, fostering a shared identity and purpose among Indians across different regions and communities.

It almost brought the state machinery to a standstill as people actively participated in the movement.

Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement.

Ram Manohar Lohia was involved in organizing protests and mobilizing the youth during the Quit India Movement.

It provided an opportunity for a nationwide movement.

The Non-Cooperation Movement.

Participants were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities.

The image of Bharat Mata symbolizes the sense of collective belonging.

The Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organization.

Peasants faced high taxes, forced labor, and exploitation by landlords, which led to widespread discontent.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the image of the nation.

The Khilafat Movement was a campaign launched by Indian Muslims to protest against the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, seeking to restore the Caliphate.

Workers participated in the movement to demand better working conditions and wages, although their participation was often limited.

Women actively participated in the movement, organizing protests and boycotts, and played a crucial role in mobilizing support.

The celebrations were not widely recognized or supported at the time.

The First World War intensified the demand for self-rule and led to increased political awareness among Indians, contributing to the rise of nationalist sentiments.

They were attacked, and women and children were beaten, with about 100,000 people arrested.

Diverse groups and classes participated with varied aspirations and expectations.

The Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to resist British rule through non-violent means, encouraging Indians to withdraw from British institutions and promote self-reliance.

Many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.

Tribals were motivated by the loss of their lands, cultural identity, and the imposition of colonial laws.

He needed to relate the abstract idea of freedom to concrete issues of everyday life.

The Rowlatt Act, enacted in 1919, allowed the British government to arrest and detain Indians without trial, leading to widespread protests and the launch of the Satyagraha movement.