What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
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What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Which demographic is particularly at risk for gout?
African American males.
What is the role of NSAIDs in pain management?
To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
What is the primary use of opioids?
To manage moderate to severe pain.
What are some common symptoms of fibromyalgia?
Fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, headaches, and memory problems.
Which joint is most often affected by gout?
The first metatarsal.
How is anti-gout medication excreted from the body?
Renally and via feces.
What is an example of an anti-gout medication?
Allopurinol.
What complications can arise from gout related to the kidneys?
Nephropathy and nephrolithiasis.
What is a significant risk factor for developing gout?
Family history.
How is chronic diuretic use related to gout?
It is linked to an increased risk of developing gout.
How quickly does oral anti-gout medication reach peak levels?
1.5 hours.
How do opioid analgesics work in the body?
They bind to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the perception of pain.
How many trigger points have been identified in fibromyalgia?
18 trigger points throughout the body.
What nursing implications should be considered when administering NSAIDs?
Monitor pain and temperature, CNS status, vital signs (HR, BP), and CBC. Take with food.
What triggers the inflammatory response?
Damage or trauma to tissue.
How does anti-gout medication work?
It stops the inflammation process by interfering with interleukin production.
What does DMARDs stand for?
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs.
Where are NSAIDs metabolized?
In the liver.
Where is anti-gout medication metabolized?
In the liver.
What is the significance of loss of function in inflammation?
It serves as a protective mechanism to prevent further injury.
Name an example of an NSAID.
Ibuprofen.
How does inflammation contribute to pain?
Inflammation can sensitize nerve endings, leading to increased pain perception.
What is a common way to wish someone well at the end of the week?
Have a Great Weekend!
What is the Kinen System?
The Kinen System is a concept discussed in the Karch textbook, specifically on page 261.
What are the five types of receptors in the human body?
Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Nociceptors.
What are some contraindications for using salicylates?
Allergy to drug or NSAIDs, bleeding abnormalities, impaired renal function, chickenpox or flu, pregnancy/lactation, and GI ulcers.
Where are pain receptors located?
In the skin, bones, and internal organs.
What should be monitored when a patient is on salicylates?
Pain and temperature, CNS status, vital signs (HR, BP), and CBC.
What happens to pain receptors after extended exposure to stimuli?
They stop generating impulses.
What are the two main categories of pain medications?
Opioid and non-opioid analgesics.
What factors can influence the clinical manifestations of fibromyalgia?
Weather, stress, fatigue, physical activity, and time of day.
What is a nursing implication for taking salicylates?
Take with food.
What is the role of pain in the human body?
It serves as a protective mechanism (warning system).
What are inflammatory disorders?
Conditions characterized by inflammation, which is the body's response to injury or infection.
What are some common non-opioid analgesics?
Acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
What is a major concern when using opioids?
Risk of addiction and dependence.
What type of pain is commonly experienced in fibromyalgia?
Widespread pain, often described as a constant dull muscle ache.
What are opioid analgesics primarily used for?
To relieve pain.
What is gout?
Recurrent joint inflammation caused by hyperuricemia.
What are Heberden’s nodes?
Bony growths that develop on the distal joints of the fingers in osteoarthritis.
When are women more likely to be affected by gout?
After menopause.
What percentage of gout cases have a defect in renal excretion of uric acid?
90%.
What is uric acid a byproduct of?
Purine metabolism.
Is there any apparent inflammation or degeneration in fibromyalgia?
No apparent inflammation or degeneration is noted.
What should be monitored in patients taking DMARDs?
Function/mobility level and CBC (Complete Blood Count).
What is known about the analgesic effects of acetaminophen?
The action related to its analgesic effects is not well understood.
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
How do NSAIDs work?
By inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
What properties do NSAIDs possess?
Antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.
Which drug is a tricyclic antidepressant used for pain management?
Amitriptyline.
What are contraindications for acetaminophen?
Allergy to the drug, hepatic dysfunction, chronic alcoholism.
What is the administration route for DMARDs like anakinra?
SQ (subcutaneous) daily injection.
What is the route of administration for TNF blockers?
Subcutaneous (SQ).
What is synovitis?
Inflammation of the synovial membrane caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
Name an example of an agonist-antagonist opioid.
Butorphanol (Stadol).
What is another example of an agonist-antagonist opioid?
Nalbuphine (Nubain).
What are some adverse effects of salicylates?
Nausea, dyspepsia, epigastric discomfort, GI ulcers/bleed.
What are common clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?
Fatigue, malaise, anorexia, low-grade fever.
What is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?
Constipation.
What can trigger inflammatory disorders?
Infections, injuries, autoimmune diseases, and exposure to irritants.
What is a common clinical manifestation of osteoarthritis?
Joint pain and tenderness.
What is an important nursing intervention when administering opioid analgesics?
Monitor the patient for signs of respiratory depression.
What are the adverse effects of opioid antagonists?
Abstinence syndrome, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
What symptoms are included in abstinence syndrome?
Cramping, hypertension, vomiting, fever, and anxiety.
What is inflammation?
A biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
What is the primary function of local anesthetics?
To relieve pain in a localized area.
What is an example of a local anesthetic?
Lidocaine.
What is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?
Acetylcysteine.
What are analgesics?
Medications used to relieve pain.
What is a significant black box warning associated with Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers?
Fatal infections and lymphoma/leukemia development.
How do DMARDs work in the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
They block the increased interleukin-1 which degrades cartilage.
What symptoms are associated with abstinence syndrome?
Cramping, hypertension, vomiting, fever, and anxiety.
What should be monitored in patients receiving opioid agonists?
Respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and level of consciousness.
What nursing implications should be considered when administering agonist-antagonist opioids?
Monitor respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, level of consciousness, assess fall risk, taper off the medication, and have naloxone and emergency equipment nearby.
What is the function of glucocorticoids like prednisone in pain management?
To improve appetite and decrease pain from intracranial pressure, spinal cord compression, and rheumatoid arthritis.
What do bisphosphonates like etidronate manage?
Hypercalcemia and bone pain.
Name an example of a corticosteroid.
Prednisone.
What should be monitored in patients receiving corticosteroids?
Blood sugar and CBC (Complete Blood Count).
What causes the build-up of uric crystals in joints?
Increased uric acid in the blood.
When are gold compounds indicated?
For rheumatoid arthritis if intolerant or insufficient response to NSAIDs.
What neurotransmitters are decreased in individuals with fibromyalgia?
Serotonin and norepinephrine.
What is enhanced in fibromyalgia that affects pain perception?
Temporal summation of second pain.
What is a significant adverse effect of DMARDs?
Increased risk of infection.
How does acetaminophen work?
It acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus to cause sweating and vasodilation.
What is the primary purpose of anti-inflammatory medications?
To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
What are the mediators involved in the inflammatory response?
Histamines and prostaglandins.
What system is initiated during the inflammatory response?
The kinin system.
Which cells are activated in the immune system during inflammation?
Lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
What are some indications for using local anesthetics?
Pain relief for dental procedures, minor surgical procedures, labor and delivery, diagnostic procedures, and regional anesthesia (spinal, epidural).
How do agonist-antagonist opioids affect respiratory depression?
They cause less respiratory depression compared to traditional opioids.
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
What is a common use for acetaminophen?
To relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce fever.
What are some contraindications for anti-gout medication?
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, severe renal and hepatic disease.
What is the peak time for corticosteroids after injection?
3-7 hours.
What is the difference between intractable, chronic, and acute pain?
Intractable pain is resistant to treatment, chronic pain persists over time, and acute pain is short-term and often related to injury.
What should be included in nursing implications for anti-gout medication?
Evaluation of the patient's response and side effects.
What severe conditions can result from salicylate toxicity?
Pulmonary edema, convulsions, tetany, metabolic acidosis, fever.
What role does inflammation play in the body?
It helps to protect and heal the body by removing harmful stimuli and beginning the healing process.
What is a common side effect of opioid use?
Constipation.
What type of diet is a risk factor for gout?
High purine diet.
What type of pain is associated with gout?
Chronic joint pain.
What are the pharmacokinetics of gold compounds?
They have varying absorption rates and are excreted in urine and feces.
Can you give an example of a gold compound?
Auranofin.
What role does heat play in the inflammatory response?
Heat is a sign of increased blood flow to the affected area.
What is pain threshold?
The perception of pain and the level at which it is sensed.
What are agonist-antagonist opioids used for?
To treat moderate to severe pain.
How does trauma affect the risk of osteoarthritis?
Trauma to joints increases the risk of developing the disease.
What is the usual first line of treatment for arthritis?
Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers.
What characterizes the course of rheumatoid arthritis?
Exacerbations and remissions.
What nursing implications should be considered when administering Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers?
Monitor function/mobility level, do not give live vaccines, monitor CBC, and perform cancer screening.
Can you name another NSAID?
Ketorolac.
What are corticosteroids used for in pain management?
To reduce inflammation and pain in conditions like arthritis.
Where are salicylates metabolized?
In the liver.
What is ankylosis in the context of rheumatoid arthritis?
Joint fixation and deformity.
Which NSAIDs are mentioned for treating inflammation and pain?
Ketorolac and ibuprofen.
What symptom involves stiffness and discomfort in the morning for rheumatoid arthritis patients?
Morning stiffness.
What are potential side effects of NSAIDs?
Gastrointestinal issues, kidney problems, and increased bleeding risk.
What are the main characteristics of fibromyalgia?
Widespread muscular pains and fatigue.
Which body parts are affected by fibromyalgia?
Joints, muscles, tendons, and surrounding tissues.
What are DMARDs primarily used for?
To treat rheumatoid arthritis and other types of arthritis.
Name an example of an opioid antagonist.
Naloxone (Narcan), naltrexone, or methylnaltrexone.
What is erythema?
Redness of the skin, a sign of inflammation.
What is the evaluation process for patients on DMARDs?
Monitor function/mobility level and CBC.
What is pain?
A subjective feeling.
What happens to the joints in osteoarthritis?
They become inflamed.
What are some adverse effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers?
Fatal infections, lymphoma/leukemia development, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, hypotension.
What is the role of corticosteroids in inflammation management?
To suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation.
What is the difference between somatic pain and visceral pain?
Somatic pain originates from skin, muscles, and joints, while visceral pain comes from internal organs.
Is osteoarthritis more common in men or women?
It occurs equally in men and women.
What are some contraindications for using Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers?
Acute infection, cancer, myelosuppression, demyelinating diseases (like MS), allergy to Chinese hamster ovary products, pregnancy/lactation.
What is a disadvantage of agonist-antagonist opioids?
They have less analgesic effect.
What is pannus formation in rheumatoid arthritis?
Granulation tissue that forms in the joints.
What is a risk associated with long-term use of opioids?
Development of tolerance and potential for addiction.
How does advancing age relate to rheumatoid arthritis?
It is a risk factor, except in cases of juvenile RA.
Provide another example of a TNF blocker.
Certolizumab (Cimzia).
What are the characteristics of joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
Warmth, tenderness, stiffness, swollen and boggy joints.
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
What is the primary function of anti-gout medications?
To lower blood levels of uric acid in symptomatic patients.
What are tophi in relation to gout?
Tophi are deposits of uric acid crystals that can form in the skin and tissues.
What are common clinical manifestations of gout?
Joint pain, joint swelling, erythema, and low-grade fever.
What are some contraindications for NSAIDs?
Allergy to the drug or salicylate, hypertension or cardiovascular dysfunction, pregnancy/lactation, and GI ulcers.
What are the clinical manifestations of the inflammatory response?
Pain, redness (erythema), swelling (edema), and heat.
How do opioid agonists work?
They attach to receptors (often mu receptors) in the CNS, altering perception and response to pain.
Name an example of an opioid agonist.
Morphine.
Where is acetaminophen metabolized?
In the liver.
How is pain related to the inflammatory response?
Pain is a common symptom that arises due to inflammation.
What is the purpose of adjuvant therapy for pain?
To alleviate pain in addition to opioids.
Which opioid agonist is commonly used for cough relief?
Codeine.
What conditions are Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers indicated for?
Rheumatoid arthritis, other arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis.
What are common adverse effects of opioid agonists?
Respiratory depression, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, cough suppression, sedation, nausea/vomiting, addictive qualities, and risk of overdose.
What is another example of an NSAID?
Naproxen.
What type of work can increase the risk of osteoarthritis?
Heavy occupational work.
How do antihistamines like hydroxyzine help in pain management?
They decrease anxiety, prevent insomnia, and relieve nausea/vomiting.
What serious risk is associated with anti-gout medication?
Fatal overdoses have occurred.
What are common examples of salicylates?
Aspirin.
What should patients avoid while taking opioid agonists?
Operating heavy machinery.
What are the indications for using salicylates?
Mild to moderate pain, inflammatory conditions, reduce risk of CVA (stroke), and management of MI (heart attack).
What are the adverse effects of gold compounds?
Inflammation of the GI tract, respiratory tract, skin, allergic reactions, and bone marrow depression.
What are common adverse effects of NSAIDs?
Nausea, dyspepsia, GI pain, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, GI bleeding, headache, dizziness, somnolence, fatigue, rash, anaphylaxis, and renal impairment.
What are the indications for using NSAIDs?
Mild to moderate pain, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), primary dysmenorrhea, and fever reduction.
How does gold compound therapy work?
It inhibits phagocytosis and blocks the release of lysosomal enzymes.
What symptoms might indicate a gout flare-up?
Joint swelling, erythema, and low-grade fever.
What is a contraindication for anti-gout medications?
Allergy.
What is an important nursing implication when administering DMARDs?
Conduct cancer screening.
What is a common side effect of NSAIDs?
Gastrointestinal irritation.
What role do white blood cells play in inflammation?
They help to fight infection and initiate the healing process.
How do NSAIDs work to reduce inflammation?
By inhibiting the production of prostaglandins.
How does pain occur during inflammation?
Due to the release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings.
What is referred pain?
Pain sensed on the body surface at a distant location.
What conditions are discussed in relation to pain and inflammation?
Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and fibromyalgia.
What is an example of an anti-gout medication?
Colchicine.
What is the route of administration for corticosteroids?
Subcutaneous (SQ) daily injection.
What is neuropathic pain?
Pain from damage to peripheral nerves through disease or injury.
What is a significant risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis?
Family history.
What is a potential side effect related to dizziness when using agonist-antagonist opioids?
Dizziness and headache.
What nursing interventions are important for managing opioid analgesics?
Monitoring for side effects, assessing pain levels, and educating patients on safe use.
What is a common mobility issue associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
Unsteady gait.
What is the mechanism of action for opioids?
They bind to opioid receptors in the brain to block pain signals.
How can inflammatory disorders be treated?
Through medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery, depending on the disorder.
What is the antidote to opioid overdose?
Naloxone (Narcan).
How do opioid antagonists work?
They act as antagonists on mu receptors and agonists on kappa receptors.
What alteration occurs in endogenous opioid activity in fibromyalgia?
Altered analgesic activity.
What does limited ROM stand for in the context of osteoarthritis?
Limited range of motion.
What does edema refer to in the context of inflammation?
Swelling caused by excess fluid in tissues.
What nursing implications should be considered when administering opioid antagonists?
Monitor respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and level of consciousness; have emergency equipment nearby; may need several doses.
What is osteoarthritis?
A degenerative joint disease characterized by the deterioration of articulating cartilage and underlying bone.
What is the purpose of swelling in inflammation?
To isolate the affected area and prevent the spread of infection.
What is a major risk factor for developing osteoarthritis?
Age, particularly being older than 40.
When are DMARDs used?
When conventional treatment does not work.
What is the difference between opioid and non-opioid analgesics?
Opioids are derived from opium and act on the central nervous system, while non-opioids are typically over-the-counter medications that target pain at the site.
How is anti-gout medication excreted from the body?
In urine.
What should be monitored when administering acetaminophen?
Pain and temperature, liver function tests (ALT, AST).
What is a potential side effect of NSAIDs?
Gastrointestinal irritation or bleeding.
How do agonist-antagonist opioids work?
They act as antagonists on my receptors and agonists on kappa receptors.
What role does genetic predisposition play in osteoarthritis?
Genetic predisposition can increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis.
What should patients avoid while taking agonist-antagonist opioids?
Operating heavy machinery.
What is another example of a TNF blocker?
Adalimumab (Humira).
What are signs of salicylate toxicity?
Ototoxicity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mental confusion, hyperpnea, tachypnea, hemorrhage, excitement.
What can occur due to limited joint range in rheumatoid arthritis?
Contractures and joint deformity.
What is the relationship between pain and inflammation?
Pain often accompanies inflammation as a response to injury or infection.
What are Bouchard’s nodes?
Bony growths that develop on the proximal joints of the fingers in osteoarthritis.
What are some contraindications for using gold compounds?
Allergy to gold, pregnancy, severe diabetes mellitus, heart failure, renal or hepatic impairment, hypertension, blood dyscrasias, recent radiation therapy.
When is gold compound therapy used?
Only in clients that are unresponsive to conventional therapy due to the risk of toxicity.
What is a common symptom of osteoarthritis that affects movement?
Joint stiffness.
What is a nursing implication when administering anti-gout medication?
Initially give with colchicine due to an increase in attacks.
What are some contraindications for using DMARDs?
Allergy to the drug, pregnancy/lactation, and acute infection.
What is the effect of fibromyalgia on pain threshold?
Lowered pain threshold.
What is another example of an opioid agonist?
Fentanyl.
List two more examples of opioid agonists.
Meperidine and methadone.
What is an example of acetaminophen?
Acetaminophen itself.
What is the onset time for oral anti-gout medication?
It takes effect in 1-2 hours.
What are some adverse effects of local anesthetics?
CNS excitation, hypotension, cardiosuppression, allergic reactions, spinal headache, and urinary retention.
Which part of the body does rheumatoid arthritis primarily affect?
The synovial membrane.
What is a common adverse effect of agonist-antagonist opioids?
Sedation and respiratory depression.
How do TNF blockers work?
They inhibit phagocytosis and block the release of lysosomal enzymes.
What is the role of CNS stimulants like methylphenidate in pain management?
To augment analgesia and decrease sedation.
What is the onset time for TNF blockers?
Slow onset with a peak of 48-72 hours.
Can you give an example of a DMARD?
Anakinra.
What are the consequences of rheumatoid arthritis on cartilage?
Cartilage erosion.
What is a specific use of codeine as an opioid agonist?
Cough suppression.
What is another name for pentazocine?
Talwin.
What type of vaccines should not be given to patients on corticosteroids?
Live vaccines.
Which autoimmune diseases are often associated with fibromyalgia?
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and ankylosing spondylitis.
What is another name for gold compound therapy?
Chrysotherapy.
What nursing implications should be considered when using gold compounds?
Monitor pain and function level.
How is pain experienced in fibromyalgia?
As delayed and longer-lasting.
What is the primary use of opioid agonists?
To treat moderate to severe pain.
What role does substance P play in fibromyalgia?
It is a neurotransmitter responsible for pain sensation.
What are the contraindications for opioid antagonists?
Acute hepatitis or liver failure.
How do local anesthetics work?
They block the conduction of pain impulses in a localized area.
What is a potential adverse reaction to corticosteroids?
Increased risk of infection.
What are two additional examples of opioid agonists?
Oxycodone and hydromorphone.
What are the indications for using acetaminophen?
Mild to moderate pain, fever, cold and sinus symptoms.
What is a key advantage of agonist-antagonist opioids?
They are less likely to have side effects and have a low potential for abuse.
What conditions can amitriptyline treat?
Depression, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain.
How does obesity relate to osteoarthritis?
Obesity is a risk factor for developing osteoarthritis.
What is the peak time for DMARDs after injection?
3-7 hours.
What are some contraindications for using agonist-antagonist opioids?
Myocardial infarction, kidney or liver disease, respiratory depression, head injury, and physical dependence on opioids.
What is the purpose of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)?
To slow the progression of rheumatic diseases.
What are some contraindications for using opioid agonists?
Biliary tract surgery, asthma, COPD, pregnancy, labor, extreme obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and enlarged prostate.
What nursing implications should be considered for patients on opioid agonists?
Monitor abdominal assessment, fall risk, administer antiemetics, stool softeners, increase fluid intake, taper off medication, and have naloxone and emergency equipment nearby.
How are corticosteroids excreted from the body?
In urine.
Which sex is more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis?
Female.
What serious risk is associated with opioid analgesics?
Potential for addiction and overdose.
What is the primary function of opioid antagonists?
To interfere with opioid effects by competing for opioid receptors.
What symptom involves swelling in osteoarthritis?
Joint swelling.
What should be avoided when taking anti-gout medications?
Thiazide medications.
How does osteoarthritis affect gait?
It can lead to an altered gait.
What type of dysregulation is associated with fibromyalgia?
Dopamine dysregulation.
What is the peak time for acetaminophen?
0.5 to 2 hours.
What causes redness and heat during inflammation?
Increased blood flow to the affected area.
How is acetaminophen excreted from the body?
Through urine.
What is the peak time for NSAIDs to take effect?
1-3 hours.
What is pain tolerance?
How much pain a person can tolerate.
What are Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers also known as?
TNF blockers.
What are some contraindications for local anesthetics?
SVT or AV blocks, and caution in women in labor, liver and kidney disease, heart failure, and myasthenia gravis.
What are some common non-opioid analgesics?
Acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen.
Which anticonvulsant is used to relieve neuropathic pain?
Gabapentin.
What is a primary indication for opioid agonists?
Relief of moderate to severe pain.
What is intractable pain?
Chronically progressing pain that is unrelenting and debilitating.
What condition is a contraindication for Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers due to its demyelinating nature?
Multiple sclerosis (MS).
What is the half-life of TNF blockers?
4 days to 2 weeks.
Where are corticosteroids metabolized?
In the liver.
Which agonist-antagonist opioid is known for its long duration of action?
Buprenorphine.
What are some actions and side effects related to NSAIDs?
NSAIDs reduce inflammation and pain but can cause gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney issues.
What is believed to be the cause of fibromyalgia?
An altered pattern of central neurotransmission resulting in sensitivity to substance P.
What is the primary indication for using opioid antagonists?
To reverse the effects of opioid overdose.
What are the common types of anti-inflammatory medications?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids.
What are common adverse effects of acetaminophen?
Headache and anemia.
What serious condition can acetaminophen cause?
Liver failure/dysfunction.
What types of myelocytes are involved in the inflammatory response?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages.
What type of condition is rheumatoid arthritis?
A systemic autoimmune condition.
What are agonist-antagonist opioids used for?
Relief of moderate to severe pain, treatment of opioid dependence, adjunct to balanced anesthesia, and relief of labor pain.
How are NSAIDs excreted from the body?
Through urine.
What other areas can rheumatoid arthritis affect besides joints?
Heart, skin, and eyes.
What is a significant characteristic of anti-gout medication regarding its therapeutic range?
It has a narrow therapeutic range.
How do salicylates work?
They inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and platelet aggregation.
What is one more example of an NSAID?
Meloxicam.
Name an example of a TNF blocker.
Etanercept.
What are common side effects of aspirin?
Gastrointestinal issues, bleeding, and allergic reactions.
What is a contraindication for using corticosteroids?
Allergy to steroids.
What is phantom pain?
Pain that exists after the removal of a body part or amputation.
How do corticosteroids work?
They depress inflammatory and infectious/immune responses.
How are DMARDs metabolized and excreted?
Metabolized in tissues and excreted in urine.
What is the peak time for salicylates?
5-30 minutes.
How do side effects differ from adverse reactions in NSAIDs and DMARDs?
Side effects are expected and often manageable, while adverse reactions are severe and potentially harmful.
Can anti-gout medication be dialyzed?
No, it is not dialyzed.
What lifestyle factor increases the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis?
Smoking.
What precaution should be taken when administering corticosteroids to a patient with diabetes?
Caution is advised due to potential effects on blood sugar levels.
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
To eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and to initiate the healing process.
What role do cytokines play in inflammation?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation.
