9_Adrenergic drug 擬交感神經抑制劑 antagonist

Phenoxybenzamine and Phentolamine.

Phentolamine is a competitive, non-selective alpha blocker.

Propranolol is used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, prevent migraines, treat infantile hemangiomas, thyroid storm, prevent esophageal variceal bleeding, and aortic dissection.

Metoprolol, atenolol, celiprolol, esmolol.

Yohimbine and Idazoxan.

Nonselective.

Propranolol is a β-blocking drug that also blocks some serotonin receptors in the brain.

Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathetic activity.

Doxazosin, Terazosin, and Tamulosin.

Phentolamine and prazosin.

Phenoxybenzamine forms a covalent bond with alpha receptors.

β1-selective antagonists.

Prazosin and Alfuzosin.

Celiprolol is a β1-selective antagonist that modestly activates β2 receptors, resulting in less adverse bronchoconstrictor effect in asthma.

By sufficiently high concentrations of agonists.

Asthma.

Yohimbine is used for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension and male erectile dysfunction, though it has been superseded by phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors like sildenafil.

Timolol.

MABCEN.

Vasodilating β blockers.

They reduce the maximum response.

Esmolol has a half-life of 10 minutes and is used to control supraventricular arrhythmias, arrhythmias associated with thyrotoxicosis, perioperative hypertension, and myocardial ischemia in acutely ill patients.

Phenoxybenzamine.

Phentolamine is a potent competitive antagonist of both α1 and α2 receptors.

They decrease urine flow resistance.

Gradual dose tapering is recommended.

The related selectivity of antagonists for β-adrenoceptors.

They are suitable for patients with COPD, myocardial infarction, diabetes, or peripheral vascular disease.

β1-selective.

Beta-receptor antagonist drugs can cause bronchoconstriction, which may be problematic for patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

It decreases the volume, color, and elevation of infantile hemangiomas.

Alpha and beta adrenoceptors.

Sotalol has antiarrhythmic effects due to its ion channel blocking and beta-blocking actions.

To block the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline on adrenoceptors.

Metoprolol, bisoprolol, and carvedilol.

Nadolol is a nonselective β blocker without local anesthetic activity.

Combining variceal band ligation with beta antagonists is beneficial in managing esophageal varices.

Tamsulosin should be avoided due to the increased risk of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS).

Hypertension, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, migraine, hyperthyroidism, and glaucoma (topical timolol).

They lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output and inhibiting renin release from the kidneys.

Prazosin relaxes both arterial and venous vascular smooth muscle, as well as prostate smooth muscle cells.

Topical prostaglandins.

Irreversible blocker.

They show reduced maximum response.

They can increase body weight and negatively affect metabolism and lipids (increase triglycerides and decrease HDL).

Non-vasodilating beta-blockers.

Beta-receptor antagonist drugs reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing the production of aqueous humor, which is beneficial in treating glaucoma.

They are used for the treatment of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, suppression of arrhythmias, improving myocardial infarction survival rate, increasing atrioventricular nodal refractory period, slowing ventricular response rates in atrial flutter and fibrillation, and reducing ventricular ectopic beats.

Beta blockers diminish portal vein pressure in patients with cirrhosis.

Sotalol lacks local anesthetic action but has marked class III antiarrhythmic effects, likely due to potassium channel blockade.

Beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 adrenoceptors.

Timolol, Betaxolol, Carteolol, Levobunolol, and Metipranolol.

They can cause changes in body weight.

By elevated plasma or urinary levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine.

They cause vasodilation by blocking alpha-receptors, which reduces blood pressure.

Peripheral vasoconstriction.

Propranolol, Metoprolol, Timolol, Atenolol, and Nadolol.

Labetalol.

They can improve heart function, especially in patients with diastolic dysfunction, thereby enhancing quality of life.

PCNT.

氣喘和COPD的病患。

They lower peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure.

They elicit miosis, which means they cause small pupils.

They can cause nasal stuffiness.

Because it is β1-selective.

Esmolol.

Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

Phentolamine is used in the treatment of pheochromocytoma.

Timolol is commonly used topically for the treatment of glaucoma.

Severe hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure, and cardiac conduction abnormalities.

Alpha-1 adrenoceptors.

They increase stroke volume in patients with obstructive cardiomyopathy by slowing ventricular ejection and decreasing outflow resistance.

A dilated iris that occludes the outflow drainage pathway at the angle between the cornea and the ciliary body.

6 years.

Propranolol has low bioavailability due to extensive hepatic (first-pass) metabolism.

Propranolol and penbutolol.

Hemiplegic migraine, basilar migraine, or for migraine prevention.

Reversible blocker.

β1選擇性阻斷劑。

Fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction.

Yohimbine blocks α2 receptors, promoting peripheral norepinephrine release and increasing central sympathetic activation.

Selective β2-blocking drug used in research.

They can treat urinary retention due to prostatic hyperplasia.

Timolol is a nonselective β blocker without local anesthetic activity.

Propranolol and nadolol decrease the incidence of the first episode of bleeding from esophageal varices and reduce the mortality rate associated with bleeding in patients with cirrhosis.

In veterinary medicine, Yohimbine is used to reverse anesthesia induced by xylazine, an α2 agonist used to calm animals.

With drug treatment.

Alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

They reduce palpitations, tachycardia, tremulousness, and anxiety.

Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging scans, and scanning with radio markers (131 I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG)).

They decrease heart rate and contractility by blocking beta-receptors.

Phenoxybenzamine.

Treatment of hypertension and certain types of heart disease.

Prazosin has an oral bioavailability of 50% and a half-life of 3 hours.

Metoprolol, Atenolol, Acebutalol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Betaxolol, Celiprolol, Nebivolol.

CYP2D6.

Acebutalol.

Labetalol is a reversible adrenoceptor antagonist with two centers: (S,R)-isomer is a potent α1-selective blocker, and (R,R)-isomer is a potent β blocker.

Propranolol, Sotalol, Nadolol, Timolol.

Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin.

Labetalol and carvedilol.

Rigidity refers to muscle stiffness, leading to difficulty in movement and inflexibility.

Bradycardia, hypotension, moderate or severe left ventricular failure, shock, heart block, and reactive airway disease.

Hypotension.

Phenoxybenzamine is an irreversible, non-selective alpha blocker.

因為它們不會阻斷 β2 受體。

Reversible and irreversible alpha-receptor antagonists.

Orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia.

Beta1-selective antagonists have fewer adverse effects on airways than nonselective beta antagonists.

Beta blockers prevent chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy.

Combining Yohimbine with norepinephrine transport-blocking drugs can greatly elevate blood pressure.

Phentolamine has minor inhibitory effects on serotonin receptors and acts as an agonist on muscarinic, H1, and H2 receptors.

Alpha-receptor antagonists block alpha-adrenergic receptors, preventing the binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which leads to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Nadolol in combination with isosorbide mononitrate is more efficacious than sclerotherapy in preventing rebleeding in esophageal varices patients.

They are well absorbed, with peak concentrations occurring 1-3 hours after ingestion.

Bradycardia (slow heart rate).

因為它們減少心臟的工作量，降低血壓和心率。

They can affect metabolism and lipid levels.

Beta1-selective antagonists.

Metoprolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, and Nebivolol.

It has partial beta-agonist activity (ISA), leading to less bradycardia and fewer plasma lipid abnormalities.

Esmolol.

It reduces the somatic manifestations of anxiety.

Phenoxybenzamine is a non-selective, long-acting, irreversible α-antagonist.

Alpha-receptor antagonists are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and pheochromocytoma.

A drug that stabilizes the inactive conformation of β receptors, reducing the number of active receptors.

Nadolol, with a half-life of 24 hours.

Other classes of antihypertensives are more effective in preventing heart failure.

Metoprolol, Atenolol, and Timolol.

Orthostatic hypotension.

Active and inactive conformations.

Beta-receptor antagonist drugs primarily reduce heart rate, decrease myocardial contractility, and lower blood pressure.

Abrupt cessation may lead to sudden onset of tachycardia, exacerbation of ischemic symptoms, and acute myocardial infarction.

Sinus bradycardia.

Phentolamine antagonizes presynaptic α2 receptors, leading to enhanced release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves and sympathetic activation from baroreflex mechanisms, resulting in cardiac stimulation.

Treatment of hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Alpha blockers cause vasodilation, which leads to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure.

Intermittent or sustained hypertension, headaches, palpitations, and sweating.

1884 patients.

Nadolol has a long duration of action similar to that of Timolol.

Dissecting aortic aneurysms.

Tamsulosin has a half-life of 9-15 hours and is metabolized by the liver.

Patients who survived myocardial infarctions.

Tamsulosin has relatively greater potency in inhibiting contraction in prostate smooth muscle compared to vascular smooth muscle.

They induce ureteral dilation and facilitate the expulsion of larger kidney stones (>5 mm).

Bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate).

Labetalol, Carvedilol, Medroxalol, Bucindolol.

By reducing myocardial oxygen demand through decreased heart rate and contractility.

Atenolol, celiprolol, and pindolol.

Pindolol may potentiate the action of traditional antidepressant medications.

They block β1 and β2 receptors, with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA).

Beta blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias.

Alfuzosin, Silodosin, Indoramin.

α-adrenoceptor antagonists primarily block the action of catecholamines on α-adrenoceptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Treatment of hypertension.

Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol.

Metoprolol and atenolol, which block beta1 receptors in the heart.

Alfuzosin may increase the risk of QT prolongation.

Hypertension.

Yohimbine is an α2-selective antagonist.

Topical ophthalmic application in glaucoma.

Topical ophthalmic application in glaucoma.

Glaucoma is an increase in intraocular pressure that can damage the retina and optic nerve, leading to restriction of visual fields and potentially blindness.

Doxazosin has a half-life of 22 hours and is administered orally.

The effects of β-blocker therapy on life-table cumulated rates of mortality over 6 years among 1884 patients surviving myocardial infarctions.

Tamsulosin has a higher affinity for α1A and α1D receptors than for α1B receptors.

It may increase the risk of heart block.

Pindolol, acebutolol, penbutolol, carteolol, oxprenolol, celiprolol, nebivolol.

Drug control and prevention by iridectomy (surgical removal of part of the iris).

They are used for smooth muscle contraction in the prostate, but caution is advised for patients susceptible to orthostatic hypotension and those undergoing eye surgery.

They are used for hypertensive emergencies and chronic hypertension.

Metyrosine (α-methyltyrosine) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Acebutolol is a beta1-selective antagonist.

Prazosin is primarily used for the management of hypertension.

Pindolol also antagonizes 5-HT1A serotonin receptors.

They are considered first-line therapy.

Extrapyramidal effects refer to a series of movement disorders caused by certain drugs, especially antipsychotics, involving the brain's lateral motor system and primarily related to motor control.

Betaxolol and metoprolol.

Renal failure prolongs nadolol's half-life.

Phenoxybenzamine blocks histamine (H1), acetylcholine, and serotonin receptors.

They are potent dopamine receptor antagonists and α antagonists.

They are less likely to cause bradycardia and have less interference with blood lipid levels.

Adverse effects of Phenoxybenzamine include orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, nasal stuffiness, inhibition of ejaculation, and CNS effects such as fatigue, sedation, and nausea.

They cause vasodilation and inhibit the heart, leading to stronger blood pressure reduction.

Prostaglandin analogs.

Migraine headaches and cluster headaches.

It forms a reactive ethyleneimonium intermediate that covalently binds to alpha receptors.

Phentolamine reduces peripheral resistance by blocking α1 and α2 receptors on vascular smooth muscle.

Peripheral vasoconstriction, cold extremities, and worsening of peripheral vascular disease and Raynaud phenomenon.

They depress myocardial contractility.

Yohimbine reverses the antihypertensive effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists such as clonidine.

They can depress myocardial contractility.

Treatment of hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias.

Alpha-receptors and beta-receptors.

They improve urine flow by partially reversing smooth muscle contraction in the enlarged prostate and bladder base.

Alpha-receptor antagonists are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pheochromocytoma.

它們可能導致血管收縮，從而引起冷手冷腳。

Beta-1 adrenoceptors.

Oxprenolol and celiprolol.

Antagonizing the effects of catecholamines at β adrenoceptors.

Beta-3 adrenoceptors.

它們可能導致失眠或夢魘。

Pheochromocytoma, overdosage of sympathomimetic drugs, or clonidine withdrawal.

Propranolol.

Prazosin.

Early administration can reduce infarct size and acute mortality.

They promote endothelial nitric oxide production, leading to vasodilation.

Terazosin is used for the management of hypertension and urinary retention symptoms in men due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

They increase insulin sensitivity and do not adversely affect the lipid profile.

Phenoxybenzamine is primarily used for the treatment of pheochromocytoma.

Carvedilol attenuates oxygen-free radical-initiated lipid peroxidation and inhibits vascular smooth muscle mitogenesis, which is beneficial in chronic heart failure.

α1-adrenoceptor antagonists cause vasodilation by blocking α1 receptors on blood vessels, which reduces blood pressure.

They reduce the physiological response by decreasing the number of active receptors.

Propranolol inhibits sympathetic nervous system stimulation of lipolysis, leading to increased plasma concentrations of VLDL and decreased concentrations of HDL cholesterol, which can increase the risk of coronary artery disease.

Sinus bradycardia, slow atrioventricular (AV) node conduction, and potentially serious bradyarrhythmias.

Hypoglycemia.

They reduce intraocular pressure by reducing the ciliary body's production of aqueous humor.

Fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction.

疲倦、冷手冷腳、心跳過慢、胃腸不適、失眠、抑鬱。

Prazosin is a specific agent that acts as an alpha-blocker.

Because they can mask hypoglycemia symptoms, making it difficult to manage blood sugar levels.

They block β1 and β2 receptors.

They decrease heart rate and contractility, reducing cardiac output.

Prazosin is a piperazinyl quinazoline, highly selective for α1 receptors and acts as a competitive antagonist.

Acute withdrawal can occur.

Propranolol.

Beta-2 adrenoceptors.

噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉或便秘。

They decrease aqueous humor secretion.

Extrapyramidal effects.

Alpha-blockers primarily cause vasodilation, while beta-blockers primarily reduce heart rate and contractility.

It is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Prazosin.

Terazosin has a half-life of 9-12 hours and is metabolized by the liver.

Propranolol.

Labetalol has less β-blocking potency than Propranolol.

Liver disease, diminished hepatic blood flow, or hepatic enzyme inhibition.

Bradykinesia is the slowing down of movement and extended reaction time.

The number of active receptors decreases, reducing intracellular signaling.

By decreasing heart rate and myocardial contractility.

Akathisia is a feeling of restlessness, where the patient may feel the need to keep moving.

Tardive dyskinesia is a persistent involuntary movement disorder, usually affecting the face and mouth, that occurs after long-term use of antipsychotic drugs.

Beta-receptor antagonists inhibit glycogenolysis in the liver, which can interfere with glucose regulation and pose a risk for hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

To block the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

Catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle (narrow-angle) glaucoma.

Propranolol and metoprolol.

Prazosin, doxazosin, and terazosin.

A common adverse effect of alpha-blockers is orthostatic hypotension, which can cause dizziness or fainting upon standing.

因為它們減少了心臟的興奮性和收縮力。

3 to 10 hours.

Life-table cumulated rates of mortality from all causes.

Bronchoconstriction, which can worsen asthma symptoms.

Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cardioprotection in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction or coronary artery disease.

They chronically lower blood pressure.

They are used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease.

Suppression of renin release and effects in the CNS.

Labetalol has less α receptor affinity than Phentolamine, resulting in less hypotension and tachycardia.

Reduction in heart rate and blood pressure.

Inverse agonists stabilize the inactive state of receptors, reducing active receptors, while traditional agonists promote receptor activation.

Alpha blockers cause vasodilation, decreased peripheral resistance, and lower blood pressure.

Ergot derivatives.

Dystonia is uncontrollable muscle contractions that may lead to abnormal postures or movements.

Combining Carvedilol with CYP2D6 inhibitors like quinidine or fluoxetine can interfere with its metabolism.

Trazodone.

Prazosin is a specific α1-adrenoceptor antagonist.

α-adrenoceptor antagonists are commonly used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

α1-selective antagonists are primarily used as antihypertensive agents.

Beta blockers help manage symptoms and improve heart function in congestive heart failure.

Irreversibly blocks α1 and α2 receptors.

Most beta antagonists, except betaxolol, penbutolol, pindolol, and sotalol.

Their half-life, which determines how long the drug stays active in the body.

Drugs that occupy the β receptor without activating it.

Alpha-receptor antagonist drugs primarily block alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Drugs that partially activate β receptors while blocking them.

They block the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors.

None.

Beta-1 and Beta-2 receptors.

Phenoxybenzamine inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine by presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals.

α-adrenoceptors are a class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are targets for catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine.

It slows atrioventricular conduction and increases the PR interval.

Labetalol has a half-life of 6-8 hours and is metabolized by the liver.

The two main types of α-adrenoceptors are α1 and α2 receptors.

Labetalol and Carvedilol.

Pharmacokinetics of beta-receptor antagonists determine their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which influence their efficacy and safety.

Labetalol, Carvedilol.

Yohimbine.

Beta blockers are not effective for vasospastic angina pectoris.

Beta blockers are Class II type of agents for treating cardiac arrhythmias.

Pilocarpine.

Pheochromocytoma.

They block α1 receptors but not α2 receptors.

Male erectile dysfunction and hypotension.

Hypertension, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and glaucoma (topical betaxolol).

Beta blockers.

Butoxamine.

Phenoxybenzamine lowers blood pressure in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Terazosin is a reversible α1-selective antagonist.

Beta-receptor antagonist drugs block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure.

They are used in the treatment of angina, chronic heart failure, and following myocardial infarction due to their negative inotropic and chronotropic effects.

Extracts from the bark of the yohimbine tree, which are available as dietary and health supplements.

Acebutolol, Carteolol, Penbutolol, Pindolol, Oxprenolol.

Alfuzosin is a quinazoline derivative and an α1-selective antagonist.

Adverse effects of beta blockers can include bradycardia, fatigue, depression, and worsening of asthma symptoms.

Bronchoconstriction, which can worsen asthma.

To reduce intraocular pressure (IOP).

They can mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

Silodosin primarily blocks the α1A receptor.

Silodosin is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

They decrease aqueous humor production and increase uveoscleral outflow.

They increase the outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork.

Blocks α2 receptors.

Raynaud phenomenon and other similar conditions.

Prostaglandin F2 alpha analogs, cholinomimetics, and rho kinase inhibitors.

可能與它們對中樞神經系統的影響有關。

The effect of Phenoxybenzamine lasts between 14 to 48 hours.

Calcium channel blockers may be more effective in certain cases of peripheral vascular disease.

Tremor is an involuntary shaking, usually affecting the hands or limbs.

Hypertension, arrhythmias, migraine, and may avoid worsening of bradycardia.

Constriction of bronchial muscles and blood vessels.

They oppose beta2-mediated vasodilation, which may acutely increase peripheral resistance but ultimately lower blood pressure due to a fall in cardiac output.

The bioavailability is 60% and the half-life is 5 hours.

Alpha blockers primarily affect blood vessels by causing vasodilation, while beta blockers primarily affect the heart by reducing heart rate and contractility.

By lowering the heart's workload.

Because they increase airway resistance by blocking beta2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle.

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who also have ischemic heart disease.

Treating migraine attacks and vascular headaches.

Brimonidine.

Beta blockers can be used to treat migraines.

α-阻滯劑可能影響陰莖的血流和勃起功能，因為它們改變了血管的擴張和收縮機制。此外，交感神經系統的調節也可能受到影響，導致性功能問題。

To reduce cardiac workload, decrease the frequency and severity of angina attacks, improve heart function, reduce the risk of arrhythmias, and provide long-term cardiac protection.

α1 receptors.

Alfuzosin is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

They cause reversible α-receptor blockade with partial agonist action.

By reducing myocardial oxygen demand.

Selective beta blockers primarily target Beta-1 receptors, while non-selective beta blockers target both Beta-1 and Beta-2 receptors.

They reduce the incidence of cardiac events such as myocardial infarction and improve patient prognosis.

Urapidil is used in Europe as an antihypertensive agent and for treating BPH.

Beta blockers reduce physical symptoms of anxiety, such as heart palpitations, in social phobia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

They block bronchial smooth muscle beta2 receptors, increasing airway resistance, which can be problematic in asthma patients.

They may be useful in treating conditions like anxiety and cardiovascular diseases by reducing β receptor activity.

Latanoprost.

By decreasing the production of aqueous humor.

Beta blockers prevent reinfarction and ventricular fibrillation.

Beta blockers can be used to treat pheochromocytoma.

Pheochromocytoma.

Tamsulosin and Silodosin.

由於血壓下降，身體會啟動交感神經系統以補償，釋放腎上腺素等激素，導致心跳加快。

α2-adrenoceptor antagonists increase the release of norepinephrine by blocking α2 receptors, which can lead to increased sympathetic activity.

Prazosin is an alpha-blocker used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Beta blockers are used to lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

A common adverse effect of α-adrenoceptor antagonists is orthostatic hypotension.

Propranolol is commonly used for cardiac arrhythmias.

Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin, Alfuzosin, Indoramin, Urapidil.

α-阻滯劑通過拮抗α-1腎上腺素受體來擴張血管，降低外周血管阻力。在站立或改變姿勢時，血液可能無法有效地從下肢回流到心臟，導致血壓下降，從而引起頭暈或昏厥。

They block β receptors more than α1 receptors.

Antipsychotic drugs, especially first-generation ones like chlorpromazine, but some antidepressants and anticonvulsants can also cause these effects.

The higher the dosage of the drug, the greater the risk of experiencing extrapyramidal effects.

Urapidil also has weak α2-agonist, 5-HT1A-agonist, and weak β1-antagonist actions.

Beta blockers reduce T4 to T3 conversion and alleviate sympathetic symptoms in hyperthyroidism.

Reversibly blocks α1 and α2 receptors.

由於直立性低血壓或血流變化，可能影響大腦的血液供應，導致暈眩或頭暈的感覺。

By helping to stabilize the heart's rhythm.

Consult a healthcare professional to discuss potential adjustments to medication or alternative treatments to alleviate symptoms.

Dorzolamide.

Beta blockers can be used to treat glaucoma.

Heart failure.

They reduce aqueous humor production.

Beta blockers can be used to manage essential tremor.

直立性低血壓、心跳過速、頭暈和性功能障礙。