Which vitamin can be found in whole grains and legumes?
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Vitamin B.
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Which vitamin can be found in whole grains and legumes?
Vitamin B.
Does basal cell carcinoma metastasize?
No, it does not metastasize.
Why do epidermal ridges increase surface area?
To provide better grip.
What do tension lines in the skin follow?
The pattern of collagen fiber bundles in the dermis.
What do melanocytes produce?
Melanin.
Where are melanocytes located in the skin?
In the stratum basale.
What causes loss of skin turgor?
Dehydration.
Where is thin skin found?
Covers most of the body.
What percentage of body weight does the integumentary system account for?
16%.
Where is thick skin located?
Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
What is the primary structure associated with hair growth?
Hair follicles.
What can cause stretch marks on the skin?
Excessive distortion of skin from pregnancy or weight gain.
What is the stratum spinosum?
A layer superficial to the stratum basale in the epidermis.
What symptoms are associated with second-degree burns?
Blistering, swelling, and pain.
What is a consequence of aging on the dermis?
Loss of elastic fibers.
How does scar formation vary?
Scar formation varies among individuals.
What is the primary focus of the content?
The structure of a nail.
What does the diagrammatic view of a hair follicle typically illustrate?
The base of a hair follicle.
What type of sensory receptors detect light touch?
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles.
What are vellus hairs?
Soft, fine hairs that cover most of the body surface.
How does hair protect the body?
By guarding openings from particles and insects.
Where are tactile (Meissner) corpuscles located?
In the dermal papillae.
Where does hair originate?
In the dermis.
How does a cut made parallel to tension lines heal?
It heals well with minimal scarring.
How are keratinocytes produced in the stratum spinosum?
By division of basal cells in the stratum basale, with some continuing to divide.
What is the primary structure associated with hair growth?
Hair follicles.
What is the hyponychium?
The thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail.
What are hair follicles?
Structures in the skin from which hair grows.
What are the two main components of the cutaneous membrane?
Epidermis and dermis.
Where is EGF produced?
By the salivary glands and glands of the duodenum.
What are the two main parts of a hair?
Hair root and hair shaft.
Why is vitamin A important?
It is required for the maintenance of epithelia and the synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in the eye.
What role does inflammation play in skin injury repair?
It helps to prevent infection and initiates the healing process.
What causes the bending of bones in Rickets?
Abnormally weak and flexible bones under the weight of the body.
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that secrete oil (sebum).
What is the chemical name for Vitamin D?
Cholecalciferol.
What happens to the epidermis as a person ages?
The epidermis thins and the connections between the dermis and epidermis weaken.
What contributes to the formation of wrinkles in the skin?
Loss of elastic fibers in the dermis due to aging and UV radiation damage.
What occurs during the inflammatory phase of skin injury repair?
Bleeding, swelling, and pain occur.
What is the purpose of a scab during the migration phase of injury repair?
It stabilizes and protects the area.
What is the network of small vessels in the papillary layer of the dermis called?
Subpapillary plexus.
What does a cross-sectional view of a nail reveal?
The internal structure and layers of the nail.
What is the characteristic of collagen fibers?
They are strong, can bend but do not stretch.
What is stored in the dermis and subcutaneous layer?
Lipids.
What happens when a cut is made perpendicular to tension lines?
It pulls open and scars more.
What is granulation tissue?
Tissue formed by the blood clot of the scab, fibroblasts, and the capillary network.
What are the structural changes associated with Rickets?
Changes in bone structure due to weakness and flexibility.
What is the function of sebum?
To lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
What are melanocytes?
Cells that produce melanin, responsible for skin pigmentation.
What is the primary function of nerve fibers in the skin?
To transmit information from sensory receptors, control blood flow, and adjust gland secretion rates.
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
Superficial epithelium.
What type of section is mentioned in the content?
A longitudinal section.
What is the structure that surrounds the hair root?
Hair follicle.
What is the function of tension lines?
They allow skin to resist applied forces.
How many layers of keratinocytes are present in the stratum spinosum?
8 to 10 layers.
What does the nail body cover?
The nail bed.
What is insensible perspiration?
Loss of water that diffuses across the stratum corneum and evaporates, approximately 500 mL per day.
What is required for the repair of third-degree burns?
Skin grafts are needed as they cannot repair themselves.
What is the role of cerumen?
It prevents foreign particles from reaching the eardrum.
What are the two types of melanin?
Pheomelanin (red-yellow) and eumelanin (brown-black).
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin.
What type of immune cells are found in the stratum spinosum?
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells.
What are the functions of subcutaneous fat?
Energy storage, insulation, and padding.
Where are sebaceous follicles located?
On the face, back, chest, nipples, and external genitalia.
What substances are excreted by the integumentary system?
Salts, water, and organic wastes.
What condition can result from insufficient Vitamin D?
Rickets, which causes abnormal bone development.
What are the two main plexuses involved in dermal circulation?
The cutaneous and subpapillary plexuses.
What are the two types of skin?
Thin skin and thick skin.
What is the function of melanocytes?
To produce and store melanin.
What are tension lines in the dermis?
Patterns produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.
What does a superficial view of a nail show?
The outer appearance and structure of the nail.
What type of tissue is the dermis composed of?
Deep connective tissue.
What can carotene be converted into?
Vitamin A.
What happens to hair follicles as a person ages?
Their function declines, resulting in hair loss and thin hair.
What are some examples of accessory structures in the integumentary system?
Hair, hair follicles, nails, exocrine glands.
Why do infants experience less scarring?
Infants have a more efficient healing process.
Is the subcutaneous layer considered part of the skin?
No, it is not part of the skin (the integument).
What is a keloid?
A thick raised area of scar tissue covered by shiny smooth epidermis.
What does EGF promote in basal cells?
Division of basal cells.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands.
What type of glands are sebaceous glands?
Holocrine glands.
Where are sebaceous follicles typically located?
In association with hair follicles.
What type of tissue makes up the papillary layer of the dermis?
Areolar tissue.
What is carotene?
An orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables.
What are first-degree burns?
Partial-thickness burns that damage only the surface of the epidermis, causing inflammation and minor pain.
What are nails made of?
Dead, keratinized epidermal cells.
What triggers inflammation during the inflammatory phase?
Mast cells.
What do mammary glands produce?
Milk in females.
What are the main stages involved in the repair of skin injuries?
Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
What is Rickets?
A disease caused by vitamin deficiency that results in weak and flexible bones.
What are tactile (Merkel) cells responsible for?
They are sensory receptors for touch.
What binds the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?
Desmosomes.
What causes hair to become gray or white with aging?
Decreased melanocyte activity.
What borders the nail body?
Lateral nail grooves and lateral nail folds.
What type of tissue is the subcutaneous layer made of?
Loose connective tissue.
How do collagen fibers affect tissue?
They add strength and limit flexibility to prevent tissue damage.
What surrounds the hair root and the deeper portion of the hair shaft?
Internal root sheath.
What factors determine hair color?
Pigment production by melanocytes, genes, environmental factors, and age.
What is the role of elastic fibers in the dermis?
They provide stretching and recoil, contributing to flexibility.
What are the main stages of skin injury repair?
Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
What is sensible perspiration?
Water loss by excretion from sweat glands, which allows for cooling the body.
What type of tissue composes the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
What does EGF stimulate from epithelial glands?
Secretions from epithelial glands.
Where are eccrine sweat glands widely distributed?
On the body surface, particularly on the hands and feet.
What is the significance of nails in the integumentary system?
They protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping objects.
What are dermal papillae?
Structures that attach epidermal ridges to the dermis.
How many layers does the epidermis have in thin skin?
Four layers.
What is the surface area of the integumentary system?
1.5−2 square meters.
What is the deep network of vessels in the dermis called?
Cutaneous plexus.
How many layers does the epidermis have in thick skin?
Five layers.
What is the primary focus of the repair process in the integument?
To restore the integrity and function of the skin after injury.
What role do macrophages play in the migration phase of injury repair?
They clean debris, dead cells, and pathogens.
What is the visible portion of the nail called?
Nail body.
Which cells migrate around the scab to begin epidermis repair?
Cells from the stratum basale.
What types of cells migrate into the scab to repair the dermis and blood supply?
Fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
To protect the body from external damage and regulate various bodily functions.
When do terminal hairs appear in the pubic area and armpits?
After puberty.
In which layer of the dermis are lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles found?
In the reticular layer.
What surrounds hair follicles?
A dense connective tissue sheath.
What is one of the primary functions of the integumentary system?
Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical attack.
Where is melanin produced?
By melanocytes.
What type of tissue makes up the reticular layer?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
How does aging affect the number of dendritic cells in the skin?
The number of dendritic cells decreases, making the skin more prone to infection.
What pigment do melanocytes synthesize?
Melanin.
What happens to Vitamin D production as we age?
Vitamin D production severely declines.
Which vitamin is primarily found in citrus fruits?
Vitamin C.
What are the five strata of the epidermis from deep to superficial?
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
What is the visible portion of the hair called?
Hair shaft.
What role does melanin play in skin protection?
It protects the skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can damage DNA and cause cancer.
What shape of hair follicles results in curly hair?
Oval hair follicles.
What is the integumentary system also known as?
Integument.
What is the role of epidermal pigmentation?
It contributes to skin color.
What is Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)?
A peptide growth factor that causes epithelial growth.
What is hair classified as?
A nonliving, long, cylindrical accessory structure.
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?
It stabilizes the position of the skin and connects the dermis to underlying tissues.
What is the function of ceruminous glands?
To produce cerumen (earwax) in the ear canal.
Where do hair follicles originate?
Deep in the dermis.
Through which layer does hair project?
Through the epidermis.
What occurs during the proliferation stage of skin repair?
New tissue forms, including collagen and new blood vessels.
What is the reticular layer of the dermis?
The deeper layer of the dermis, located above the subcutaneous layer.
What does the dermis contain?
A network of blood vessels and nerves.
How is Vitamin D produced in the body?
By epidermal cells in the presence of UV radiation.
How does the integumentary system contribute to immune response?
It coordinates the immune response to pathogens and cancers in the skin.
Where does hair production begin?
At the hair bulb, at the base of the hair follicle.
What do sweat glands produce?
A watery secretion called sweat.
What is the hair growth cycle?
The cycle of how hairs grow and shed.
What influences skin color?
Blood flow and the level of oxygenation.
What is the primary focus of the repair process in the integument?
To restore the integrity and function of the skin after injury.
Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?
In the armpits, around nipples, and in the pubic region.
What do hair follicles associate with?
Accessory structures.
What does the micrograph show?
The location and orientation of melanocytes in the stratum basale of a dark-skinned person.
Where is the cutaneous plexus located?
Along the border of the reticular layer of the dermis and the subcutaneous layer.
Where does carotene accumulate in the body?
In epidermal cells, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer.
What is the stratum corneum's role in water loss from the skin?
It is water resistant but not waterproof.
What causes a contusion (bruise)?
Damage to blood vessels in the dermis.
What is the dermis?
The deeper layer of skin located under the epidermis.
What do lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles detect?
Deep pressure and vibration.
Where is the junction located in relation to a hair?
Between the hair root and hair shaft.
What structures does the dermis anchor?
Epidermal accessory structures such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
What structural changes occur in the dermis due to aging?
The dermis thins and the elastic fiber network shrinks, causing sagging and wrinkling.
What are sebaceous follicles?
Large sebaceous glands that discharge sebum directly onto the surface of the skin.
Where on the body is hair not found?
On the lips, palms of the hands, sides of the fingers, sides and soles of feet, sides of toes, and portions of external genitalia.
How does EGF affect keratin production?
It accelerates keratin production.
What is the portion of hair that anchors it into the skin called?
Hair root.
What is the root hair plexus?
A network of sensory nerves surrounding the base of hair follicles.
What does the subcutaneous layer contain that is important for blood circulation?
Large arteries and veins, acting as a reservoir for blood.
What do sebaceous glands produce?
An oily lipid secretion called sebum.
What does skin turgor refer to?
The strength and flexibility of skin due to its water content.
How do dark-skinned individuals differ in melanosome characteristics?
They have larger and more numerous melanosomes.
What is keratinization?
The formation of protective layers of cells filled with keratin.
What type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands use?
Merocrine secretion.
What is the stratum granulosum?
A thin layer of the epidermis, superficial to the stratum spinosum.
What are good sources of Vitamin D?
Fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and sunlight.
What are the primary functions of hair?
To protect, cushion, and insulate.
How does aging affect blood supply to the dermis?
It is reduced, decreasing the ability to thermoregulate.
What does the integumentary system contain?
Blood vessels and sensory receptors.
What are the main components that contribute to dermal strength and elasticity?
Collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
What is the subcutaneous layer also known as?
Hypodermis.
What role do hair play in sensory perception?
They serve as sensory receptors.
Can insensible perspiration be felt or prevented?
No, it cannot be felt or prevented.
What types of stimuli can the integumentary system detect?
Touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature stimuli.
What is the primary focus of the repair process in the integument?
To restore the integrity and function of the skin after injury.
What happens to fluid loss if the stratum corneum is damaged?
Fluid loss increases, especially from burns.
What is the epidermis?
The top layer of the skin.
What role do exocrine glands play in the integumentary system?
They secrete substances such as sweat and oil to help regulate temperature and protect the skin.
What organs convert Vitamin D into calcitriol?
The liver and kidneys.
What role does inflammation play in skin repair?
It helps to prevent infection and initiates the healing process.
How do the fibers in the reticular layer interact with other layers?
They extend and attach the reticular layer to the papillary layer and the subcutaneous layer.
What occurs during the proliferation stage of skin repair?
New tissue forms, including collagen and new blood vessels.
What role do sebaceous glands play in skin health?
They help maintain skin hydration and barrier function.
How many layers does hair have?
Three layers.
How do nutrients and oxygen reach the epidermis?
They diffuse from capillaries in the dermis.
What happens to the hair root as hair grows?
The root is firmly attached to the matrix of the follicle.
What is a rich source of Vitamin E?
Nuts and seeds.
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma.
What characterizes third-degree burns?
Full-thickness burns that destroy the epidermis, dermis, and extend into the subcutaneous layer, destroying hair follicles, nerves, and glands.
What is one function of the integumentary system related to vitamin synthesis?
Synthesis of vitamin D, which is converted to calcitriol, a hormone important for calcium metabolism.
What are terminal hairs?
Heavy, pigmented hairs found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes.
What is one laboratory use of EGF?
To grow skin grafts in tissue culture.
Where are tactile cells primarily found?
In hairless skin.
What is the primary composition of the subcutaneous layer?
Primarily composed of adipose tissue.
What can cause excessive scar tissue in dark-skinned individuals?
Dark skin can produce an excessive amount of scar tissue, leading to keloids.
What do tactile cells form together with sensory nerve endings?
Tactile discs.
What is the stratum lucidum?
A layer of dead keratinocytes superficial to the stratum granulosum, found only in thick skin.
What is the top layer of the dermis called?
Papillary layer.
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The superficial papillary layer and the deeper reticular layer.
What happens to the repair rate of the skin as one ages?
The repair rate slows.
What is jaundice and what causes it?
Jaundice is a condition where the liver is unable to excrete bile, leading to a buildup of yellow pigment in the body.
What is the nail root?
An epidermal fold where nail production occurs.
Where are melanocytes distributed?
Through the stratum basale and their processes extend into other layers.
What is the eponychium?
The stratum corneum of the nail root that extends over the exposed nail.
How long does it take for new cells to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
7−10 days.
Which vitamin is abundant in leafy green vegetables?
Vitamin K.
What type of secretions do apocrine sweat glands produce?
Sticky, cloudy secretions.
What occurs during the proliferation stage of skin repair?
New tissue forms, including collagen and new blood vessels.
What is the surface layer of hair called?
Cuticle.
What is the role of keratohyalin granules?
They promote cell dehydration, aggregation, and cross-linking of keratin fibers.
What type of cells surround apocrine sweat glands?
Myoepithelial cells.
What are the visible ridges in thick skin known as?
Fingerprints.
What is the final stage of skin injury repair?
Remodeling, where the new tissue matures and strengthens.
How does aging affect hormone levels in relation to hair and body fat distribution?
Loss of hormones causes sex-specific hair and body fat distribution to fade.
Where are sebaceous follicles typically located?
In the dermis, associated with hair follicles.
What is a primary source of Vitamin A?
Carrots and other orange or yellow fruits and vegetables.
What are melanosomes?
Intracellular vesicles that store melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes.
What are the main components found in the reticular layer?
Rich in collagen and elastic fibers.
What type of glands are eccrine sweat glands?
Coiled, tubular glands that secrete sweat directly onto the skin surface.
What is the primary component of sebum?
Lipids.
What structures are contained within the papillary layer?
Capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons.
What percentage of body surface area does each upper limb represent?
9%.
What is the hair matrix?
A layer formed by epithelial cells at the base of the hair bulb.
What is the effect of aging on glandular activity in the skin?
Glandular activity declines, leading to a loss of lubrication and the ability to cool the skin.
What is the final stage of skin injury repair?
Remodeling, where the new tissue strengthens and matures.
What are the functions of sebum?
Lubricates and protects the hair shaft, inhibits bacterial growth, and conditions the surrounding skin.
How can metabolic and other disorders affect nails?
They can change the nail structure and appearance.
What is the function of the stratum granulosum?
It is involved in the process of keratinization.
What percentage of body surface area do the genitalia represent?
1%.
What occurs when a new hair growth cycle begins?
The follicle produces a new hair and the club hair is shed.
What primarily causes basal cell carcinoma?
Exposure to UV radiation.
What protective functions do eccrine sweat glands provide?
Diluting environmental hazards, flushing microorganisms off, and having antibiotic properties.
What changes occur to the cells in the stratum granulosum?
They become thin, flat, less permeable, and dehydrated.
Are the patterns of epidermal ridges unique?
Yes, they are unique and genetically predetermined.
How do eccrine sweat glands help the body cool down?
By regulating sweat secretions and blood flow.
What does the subcutaneous layer separate the integument from?
The deep fascia around organs such as muscles and bones.
What does a histological section of hair follicles show?
The longitudinal axis of hair follicles.
What extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix?
External root sheath.
What does the rule of nines apply to?
Estimation of burn surface area in adults.
What is the clear layer wrapped in the connective tissue sheath called?
Glassy membrane.
What surrounds the hair bulb?
The hair papilla, which contains connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves.
Where do sebaceous glands secrete sebum?
Into hair follicles.
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands.
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale.
What percentage of body surface area does the trunk represent?
36%.
What do basal cells in the hair matrix produce?
Hair cells.
When do apocrine sweat glands begin to secrete?
At puberty.
What is the relationship between the integumentary system and the endocrine system?
The skin can produce hormones like vitamin D, which is important for calcium metabolism.
What occurs when blood vessels in the dermis constrict?
The skin pales.
How does the integumentary system support the musculoskeletal system?
It provides protection and support for underlying muscles and bones.
What color does hemoglobin turn when not carrying oxygen?
Dark red.
What type of skin cancer affects squamous cells in the epidermis?
Squamous cell carcinoma.
What are some signs of malignant melanoma?
Asymmetry, irregular border, mottled color, larger than 6 mm, changing size, shape, and color.
What characterizes the scarring phase of skin injury repair?
Formation of scar tissue completes the repair process, which is less flexible, has more fibers, and fewer blood vessels than normal tissue.
What is the purpose of estimating the surface area of a burn?
To assess the severity and treatment needs of the burn.
Where is the hyponychium located?
Beneath the free edge, continuing past the nail bed.
What is the function of dendritic (Langerhans) cells in the stratum spinosum?
To defend against microorganisms and skin cancers.
What role does EGF play in epidermal development?
It stimulates epidermal development and repair.
Where does the hair root begin?
At the base of the hair (hair bulb).
What type of muscle is the arrector pili?
Involuntary smooth muscle.
How does the integumentary system help maintain normal body temperature?
Through insulation and evaporative cooling.
Why is calcitriol important?
It is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions by the small intestine.
How does melanocyte activity change with aging?
Melanocyte activity declines, increasing the likelihood of skin burns and cancers.
What role does the integumentary system play in the immune system?
It acts as a barrier to protect against pathogens and foreign substances.
How do cells of the hair root contribute to hair growth?
They absorb nutrients and incorporate them into the hair.
What role does keratin play in the integumentary system?
It makes skin tough and protects against abrasion while repelling water.
What happens to skin color when blood vessels in the dermis dilate?
The skin reddens.
What are the main cells found in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes.
What is the intermediate layer of hair called?
Cortex.
What do cells in the stratum granulosum fill with?
Keratin and keratohyalin.
What are epidermal ridges?
Projections that interlock with dermal papillae to increase the surface area for attachment between the dermis and epidermis.
What can cause cyanosis?
Extreme cold, heart failure, severe asthma, etc.
What is the stratum corneum?
The top layer and exposed surface of the skin, consisting of 15−30 layers of keratinized cells.
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
To keep the skin and hair moisturized and protected.
How does the integumentary system integrate with the circulatory system?
It helps regulate body temperature and blood flow through the skin.
What percentage of body surface area does the head represent in adults according to the rule of nines?
9%.
What visible changes occur in the skin and eyes due to jaundice?
The skin and whites of the eyes may turn yellow.
What can happen if sebaceous glands become blocked?
It can lead to acne or other skin conditions.
What is produced by the integumentary system for protection from UV radiation?
Melanin.
What color is hemoglobin when bound to oxygen?
Bright red.
How many layers of keratinocytes are typically found in the stratum granulosum?
3−5 layers.
How long do exposed cells in the stratum corneum typically last before shedding?
After 2 weeks.
What percentage of body surface area does each lower limb represent?
18%.
How is the stratum basale attached to the basement membrane?
By hemidesmosomes.
What type of cells are found in the stratum basale?
Basal cells (germinative cells), which are stem cells that divide to produce new keratinocytes.
What symptoms may dermatitis produce?
Itching or pain.
How do burns affect the skin's function?
The skin is no longer an effective barrier, increasing the chance of infection.
Does squamous cell carcinoma metastasize?
No, it does not metastasize.
How does hair contribute to the integumentary system?
It provides protection, regulates body temperature, and enhances sensory perception.
What is a common medical use of the subcutaneous layer?
It is a site for subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles.
Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
Avascular.
What happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
Hairs stand up, producing 'goose bumps'.
What is the structure of sebaceous glands?
Simple branched alveolar glands.
What is the lunula?
A pale crescent near the root where blood vessels are obscured.
What shape of hair follicles results in straight hair?
Round hair follicles.
What is dermatitis?
Inflammation of the dermis.
What is one function of eccrine sweat glands?
Cooling the surface of the skin to reduce body temperature.
What protein do keratinocytes contain in large amounts?
Keratin.
Why can apocrine sweat gland secretions cause odors?
They can be a nutrient source for bacteria.
What is the final stage of skin injury repair?
Remodeling, where the new tissue strengthens and matures.
What is cyanosis?
Bluish coloration of the skin due to reduction in blood supply and oxygen levels.
What happens to the nuclei and organelles of cells in the stratum granulosum?
They disintegrate, and the cells die but remain tightly interlocked.
What controls the secretions of sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS).
What is the main function of sensible perspiration?
Thermoregulation.
What effect do some pituitary tumors have on skin color?
They can result in excess melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), causing the skin to darken.
What happens to melanin synthesis when exposed to the sun?
Melanin synthesis accelerates.
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum).
What type of skin cancer originates in the stratum basale?
Basal cell carcinoma.
What happens to hair cells as they divide?
They are pushed up and out of the skin.
What can cause dermatitis?
Infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy).
What process do hair cells undergo as they move up?
They keratinize and die.
What is keratin?
A tough, fibrous protein.
What exclusively causes squamous cell carcinoma?
Exposure to UV radiation.
Is metastasis common in malignant melanoma?
Yes, metastasis is common.
What is a limitation of the autonomic nervous system in glandular control?
It does not allow for specific regional control.
What role do fibroblasts play in the proliferation phase?
Fibroblasts produce a collagen fiber meshwork.
What are the main stages involved in the repair of skin injuries?
Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
Which layer of the epidermis is known for its spiny appearance?
Stratum spinosum.
What is albinism?
A genetic condition caused by a deficiency in melanin.
What is club hair?
Hair that is called so when the follicle becomes inactive at the end of the growth cycle.
How do eccrine sweat glands help in excretion?
By excreting water and electrolytes.
What causes hair loss?
When shedding outpaces production, which can be caused by drugs, dietary factors, radiation, stress, or hormones.
What occurs during the proliferation phase of skin injury repair?
The scab begins to disintegrate, fibroblasts produce a collagen fiber meshwork, and epidermal cells migrate over the collagen meshwork.
How does scar tissue differ from normal tissue?
Scar tissue is less flexible, has more fibers, and fewer blood vessels than normal tissue.
How does the integumentary system interact with the nervous system?
It contains sensory receptors that provide information about the environment.
What is Addison's disease and how does it affect skin color?
Addison's disease causes the pituitary gland to release excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which can darken the skin.
What role does inflammation play in skin injury repair?
It helps to prevent infection and initiates the healing process.
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
Inflammation caused by overactive sebaceous glands.
Which layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum.
What do the contours of the skin surface follow?
The pattern of the epidermal ridges.
What is malignant melanoma?
An aggressive cancer of the melanocytes.
How are eccrine sweat gland secretions controlled?
More precisely, allowing for local sweating.
What is the composition of sweat secreted by eccrine glands?
Mostly water, sodium chloride, and other solutes, known as sensible perspiration.
What is the central core of the hair called?
Medulla.
What happens to cells from the stratum spinosum as new cells are produced?
They get pushed into the stratum granulosum.
What is vitiligo?
Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition that causes the loss of melanocytes, resulting in white patches on the skin.
What might yellow nails indicate?
Chronic respiratory disorders or AIDS.
What are some consequences of burns?
Fluid and electrolyte loss, loss of heat, thermoregulation problems, increased infection risk, and potential sepsis.
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum.
What triggers the myoepithelial cells to squeeze sweat out of the gland?
Hormonal or nervous signals.
