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Memo(formerly PDF2Anki)

1. DNA and Cell Division

Created by khaled

p.2

What are the two types of nucleic acids mentioned in the text?

A. DNA and Carbohydrates
B. DNA and Protein
C. RNA and Lipids
D. DNA and RNA
E. RNA and Amino Acids

Select an answer

p.2

Explanation

The text specifically states that DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are both types of nucleic acids, making option A the correct answer.

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p.2
DNA Structure and Function

What are the two types of nucleic acids mentioned in the text?

D

p.2
DNA Structure and Function

What is the structure of DNA described in the text?

D

p.22
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What forms across the cell during metaphase?

D

p.22
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

How are sister chromatids oriented during metaphase?

B

p.22
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What happens to the centromeres during anaphase?

A

p.22
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is required for the movement of sister chromatids during anaphase?

B

p.22
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the role of spindle microtubules in mitosis?

D

p.23
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What occurs during telophase in a cell?

B

p.23
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the result of cytokinesis?

C

p.2
DNA Structure and Function

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

B

p.2
DNA Structure and Function

What forms the backbone of the DNA polynucleotide strands?

A

p.2
DNA Structure and Function

Which bases are classified as pyrimidines in DNA?

D

p.3
DNA Structure and Function

What type of molecule is always paired with a purine in DNA?

C

p.3
DNA Structure and Function

Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?

E

p.3
DNA Structure and Function

What type of bonds connect the base pairs in DNA?

E

p.3
DNA Structure and Function

What is the directionality of the two strands of DNA?

B

p.3
DNA Structure and Function

What structural feature allows DNA to compactly store genetic information?

B

p.4
Gene Structure and Function

What is the primary function of DNA in organisms?

E

p.4
DNA Replication Mechanism

What process does DNA undergo to ensure genetic continuity during reproduction?

E

p.4
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What can result from alterations in the genetic code of DNA?

C

p.4
Genetic Code and Triplet Code

If DNA contains 46% thymine, what percentage of adenine is present?

B

p.4
Genetic Code and Triplet Code

If DNA has 30% adenine, what is the percentage of guanine present?

E

p.5
DNA Structure and Function

What is the role of the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA structure?

D

p.5
DNA Structure and Function

What is the significance of DNA coiling into a helix?

E

p.5
DNA Structure and Function

Why is DNA described as a double-stranded molecule?

E

p.5
DNA Structure and Function

What is the role of hydrogen bonding in DNA?

C

p.5
DNA Structure and Function

How does the sequence of bases in DNA contribute to its function?

C

p.6
RNA Structure and Types

What sugar is found in RNA instead of deoxyribose?

A

p.6
RNA Structure and Types

Which base in RNA replaces thymine found in DNA?

E

p.6
RNA Structure and Types

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

C

p.6
RNA Structure and Types

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

B

p.6
RNA Structure and Types

What type of RNA is involved in preventing the translation of particular proteins?

A

p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism

What is the term used to describe the mechanism of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand?

B

p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism

Which enzyme is responsible for joining DNA nucleotides together during replication?

C

p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism

What happens to the DNA double helix during replication?

C

p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism

Which base pairs with adenine during DNA replication?

A

p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism

What is the result of DNA replication in terms of the DNA molecules produced?

B

p.8
DNA Replication Mechanism

What isotope was used to label the DNA in the initial growth medium of E. coli?

E

p.8
DNA Replication Mechanism

What was observed in the DNA of E. coli after the first generation of replication in 14N medium?

D

p.8
DNA Replication Mechanism

In the second generation of E. coli grown in 14N medium, what percentage of cells contained DNA with both strands consisting of 14N?

B

p.8
DNA Replication Mechanism

What does the presence of 25% of cells with one strand of 15N and one strand of 14N in the third generation indicate?

A

p.8
DNA Replication Mechanism

What method was used to separate the DNA based on density after extraction?

E

p.9
Gene Structure and Function

What is a gene primarily responsible for in the context of DNA and protein synthesis?

E

p.9
Gene Structure and Function

Where are genes located within a cell?

A

p.9
Gene Structure and Function

What are alleles?

A

p.9
Gene Structure and Function

What do homologous chromosomes carry?

A

p.9
Gene Structure and Function

What is the significance of the loci of genes on homologous chromosomes?

D

p.10
Genetic Code and Triplet Code

What does a triplet code consist of?

A

p.10
Genetic Code and Triplet Code

How many different triplet codes can be produced by the four nucleotides in DNA?

B

p.10
Genetic Code and Triplet Code

What is the significance of the codon AUG in mRNA sequences?

C

p.10
Genetic Code and Triplet Code

What does it mean that the genetic code is described as 'degenerate'?

E

p.10
Genetic Code and Triplet Code

Which of the following statements is true about the genetic code?

B

p.11
Protein Synthesis Process

What are the two main processes of protein synthesis?

D

p.11
Protein Synthesis Process

Where does transcription occur?

D

p.11
Protein Synthesis Process

What enzyme is responsible for joining RNA nucleotides during transcription?

C

p.11
Protein Synthesis Process

What replaces thymine in the messenger RNA strand during transcription?

B

p.11
Protein Synthesis Process

What happens to the DNA strands after sufficient mRNA has been produced?

E

p.12
Protein Synthesis Process

What is the role of mRNA in the process of translation?

E

p.12
Protein Synthesis Process

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

A

p.12
Protein Synthesis Process

How many different types of tRNA are present in the cytoplasm?

B

p.12
Protein Synthesis Process

What structure carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

E

p.12
Protein Synthesis Process

What is the shape of the tRNA molecule?

E

p.13
Protein Synthesis Process

What are the three exposed bases on each tRNA molecule called?

C

p.13
Protein Synthesis Process

What is the role of the first tRNA molecule in protein synthesis?

C

p.13
Protein Synthesis Process

What is required for the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids?

A

p.13
Protein Synthesis Process

What determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?

A

p.13
Protein Synthesis Process

What happens to the first tRNA molecule after it has delivered its amino acid?

D

p.14
Gene Structure and Function

What are the sections of a gene in eukaryotes that code for proteins called?

A

p.14
RNA Structure and Types

What is the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA called?

D

p.14
Protein Synthesis Process

What is the result of splicing pre-mRNA?

D

p.14
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

How does splicing contribute to protein diversity?

A

p.14
RNA Structure and Types

What is pre-mRNA?

A

p.15
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What is the role of transcriptional factors in gene expression?

D

p.15
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What happens when a gene is not being expressed?

D

p.15
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

How does oestrogen regulate gene expression?

B

p.15
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

Where do transcriptional factors bind to initiate transcription?

D

p.15
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What is the first step in the process of transcription?

A

p.16
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What is the role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in translation regulation?

A

p.16
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What type of RNA molecules are involved in the regulation of translation?

A

p.16
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What happens to mRNA when it is targeted by siRNA?

C

p.16
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What is the initial step in the process of translation regulation by siRNA?

C

p.16
Regulation of Transcription and Translation

What is the outcome of the interaction between siRNA and mRNA?

C

p.17
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What are gene mutations primarily characterized by?

B

p.17
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What is a common cause of mutations during DNA replication?

A

p.17
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

Which of the following is NOT a type of gene mutation mentioned?

E

p.17
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What effect can a substitution mutation have on a protein?

C

p.17
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What role do mutagenic agents play in gene mutations?

A

p.18
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What is the result of a deletion in DNA sequences?

E

p.18
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

How does an addition in DNA sequences affect the protein produced?

B

p.18
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

Why are deletions and additions usually more harmful than substitutions?

E

p.18
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What happens to the amino acid sequence after a deletion?

C

p.18
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What is a common outcome of both deletions and additions in DNA sequences?

B

p.19
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

How can a mutation at the active site of an enzyme affect its function?

C

p.19
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What is one potential consequence of a mutation affecting an enzyme in a metabolic pathway?

C

p.19
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

How might a mutation that changes amino acids away from the active site still affect enzyme activity?

D

p.19
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

What condition can result from a mutation affecting the enzyme that converts Phenylalanine to Tyrosine?

A

p.19
Gene Mutations and Their Effects

Which of the following diseases is associated with a lack of Melanin due to enzyme mutations?

C

p.20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the primary event that occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

B

p.20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by intensive cellular synthesis and a high metabolic rate?

B

p.20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

B

p.20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the main purpose of the cell cycle?

C

p.20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the G1 phase?

B

p.21
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the primary outcome of mitosis?

D

p.21
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What happens to chromosomes during prophase?

D

p.21
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the role of centrioles during mitosis?

C

p.21
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the significance of chromosome condensation during mitosis?

E

p.21
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What occurs to the nucleoli and nuclear membrane during prophase?

D

p.23
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What happens to the cell membrane during cytokinesis?

E

p.23
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

In plant cells, what structure forms during cytokinesis?

E

p.23
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

What is the genetic relationship between the sister chromatids after telophase?

C

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage of the cell cycle do spindle fibers form?

E

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

When does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle?

D

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage are sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles?

D

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

When are chromosomes not visible?

C

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage does the nuclear membrane break down?

A

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

When does the nuclear membrane reform?

D

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage is DNA present as chromatin?

B

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

When are two daughter cells formed?

D

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage do chromosomes begin to shorten and thicken (condense)?

E

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

When do chromosomes move to the equator of the cell?

D

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage are cell organelles replicated?

E

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

When is DNA polymerase active?

A

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage do centrioles move to the poles?

A

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

When do spindle fibers contract?

B

p.24
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

At which stage are protein and RNA synthesis very active?

C

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