HEALTH ECONOMICS-min-merged

Children aged 2 months up to 5 years.

On World Population Day in 2002.

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.

To identify children not growing normally, assess the effectiveness of childcare components, and timely institute measures where growth and development is faltering.

Classifying diarrhea, assessing degree of dehydration, managing according to guiding principles of IMNCI strategy, preparing home-made ORS, and suggesting preventive measures in different case scenarios pertaining to diarrheal diseases.

Refer for assessment.

Child's physical growth and development longitudinally to timely interrupt deficiencies.

Provide paracetamol if the child has fever (=>39 o C) causing distress, give a rapid-acting broncho-dilator if wheeze is present, remove thick secretions in the throat, ensure daily maintenance fluids, encourage breastfeeding and oral fluids.

Evidence-based, syndromic approach.

Maternal Mortality survey 2019.

A pictorial representation of the age-sex composition of a population.

To impart evidence-based research-oriented health professional education in order to provide best possible patient care and inculcate the values of mutual respect, ethical practice of healthcare and social accountability.

They indicate a demographic anomaly.

No chest indrawing, no fast breathing, <50/min for 2 months – 1 year, <40/min for 1 – 5 years.

2 months to 5 years.

On world population day, 11th July 2002.

Children up to 5 years old.

56/min.

Abstinence, coitus interruptus, safe period (Rhythm or Calendar method), natural family planning methods, breastfeeding, birth control vaccine.

Simple advice on home management.

Chest indrawing, wheezing.

One time method, does not require sustained motivation, most effective protection, most cost effective method.

Healthcare Ethics Committee (HCEC) of the National Bioethics Committee (NBC).

If the child is not able to take fluid in his mouth and swallow it, for example, due to lethargy or unconsciousness.

If the child is weak and cannot drink without help, and may only be able to swallow if fluid is put in his mouth.

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.

The core content includes understanding the background of high childhood mortality in the region, the need for evidence-based effective and syndromic child healthcare approaches, interpreting guiding principles of IMNCI strategy, and classifying according to Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.

On the y-axis, usually in five-year intervals.

18 months old, weighs 11.5 kg, temperature of 37.5°C, diarrhea for 3 days, no blood in stool, sunken eyes, refusal to drink, slow skin return when pinched.

High failure rate, local irritant action, create a mess, has to be introduced in all those regions of vagina where sperms may reach.

Referral is needed, but not as urgently. There is time to identify treatments and give all of the treatments before referral.

Pain, hematoma, local infection, spermatic granules, spontaneous re-canalization, autoimmune response, psychological.

It can be done as an interval procedure, post partum, or at the time of abortion.

Develop and launch advocacy campaigns, increase ownership of population issues by stakeholders, reduce unmet need for family planning services, shift from target-oriented to people-centered needs and services, ensure provision of quality services to under-served populations, strengthen contribution to population activities by civil society players, expand the role of the private sector, and decentralize program management and service delivery.

Service delivery expansion and improvement of quality, advocacy, training and capacity building, and decentralization.

To comprehend background of high childhood mortality in the region, appraise need of evidence-based effective and syndromic child healthcare approaches, interpret guiding principles of IMNCI strategy, classify according to Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, and classify degree of Pneumonia and ARI according to IMNCI.

To present each age variable in the form of a histogram, with gender histograms plotted horizontally back-to-back for males and females.

Stopped feeding well, convulsions, abnormally sleepy or difficult to wake, grunting or groaning, wheeze, fever or feels too cold, cyanosis.

The passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day, or more frequently than is normal for the individual.

To refer the child immediately after giving any necessary pre-referral treatments.

With inspiration, the side of the nostrils flares outwards.

It reveals the proportion of people in various age groups and the sex ratio.

J Parks textbook of Preventive & social Medicine and Textbook of Community Medicine & Public Health.

c. some dehydration

To achieve population stabilization by 2020.

On 11th July.

1 week up to 2 months.

Thirst and drinking poorly.

It typically indicates some critical event like war.

Foamy cream, foam tablets, foam aerosols, creams, jellies and pastes, suppositories, soluble films.

Specific medical treatment and advice.

Different family planning methods.

To prevent and manage HIV and AIDS transmission to the baby.

1. Growth monitoring 2. Diagnostic tool for identifying malnutrition early 3. Tool for planning & policy making 4. Educational tool for mothers 5. Tool for action 6. Evaluation of child health programs 7. Teaching tool for mothers

To attain a balance between resources and population, address various dimensions of the population issue, increase awareness of adverse consequences of rapid population growth, promote family planning as an entitlement, and attain a reduction in population.

Drinking eagerly, reaching out for the cup or spoon, and being unhappy when the water is taken away.

One level teaspoon of salt, eight level teaspoons of sugar, one litre of clean drinking or boiled water (cooled)

As SEVERE PERSISTENT DIARRHOEA.

Require high degree of motivation, less effective than either the pill or the IUDs.

Fever for 1 day, fast breathing for 1 day, and cough for 2 days.

A family planning method.

It indicates the birth rate, with a wide base indicating a high birth rate and a narrow base indicating a low birth rate.

Laparoscopy and minilap operation.

Statistically speaking, pyramids should be relatively symmetrical.

Any asymmetry indicates a difference in the male and female population.

It indicates that women are living to older ages than males.

Classify diarrhea, classify degree of diarrhea, assess degree of dehydration, manage according to guiding principles of IMNCI strategy, prepare home-made ORS, and suggest preventive measures in different case scenarios pertaining to diarrheal diseases.

To prevent complications of abortion and identify any existing complications.

Immediately.

Refer urgently to hospital for injectable antibiotic, give first dose antibiotics, treat fever if present, treat wheezing if present.

Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, kills around 525,000 children under five each year, and can be prevented through safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and hygiene.

Urgent pre-referral treatments and referral.

Fast breathing, ≥50/min for 2 months – 1 year, ≥40/min for 1 – 5 years, no chest indrawing.

Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, a piece of vas deferens (about 1 cm) is removed. The ends are ligated and then folded back.

By assessing if the child's eyes look unusual or sunken.

A diagram that gives information about the proportion of males and females in each age group.

Proportion of young people (0-14), proportion of working people (15-59), and proportion of elderly people (60+).

Absence of side effects, protection from STDs, protection from PID, protection from cervical cancer.

1. Listen carefully to caretaker and take their concerns seriously. 2. Use words the caretaker understands, avoiding medical terminology. 3. Give the caretaker time to answer questions and reflect. 4. Ask additional questions when the caretaker is unsure or when things are unclear.

Dehydration treatment and an antibiotic recommended for Shigella in the area.

Weight for age, height for age, nutritional stunting, weight for height, head & chest circumference.

Pneumonia.

Encourage the mother to feed the child, advise her to bring the child back after 2 days or earlier if the child becomes more sick or is not able to drink or breastfeed, complete the 5 days of antibiotic treatment if the breathing has improved, there is less fever, and the child is eating better.

David Morley, modified by WHO.

100.0°F.

To achieve population stabilization by 2020 through the expeditious completion of the demographic transition.

Acute watery diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea (dysentery), and persistent diarrhea (lasts 14 days or longer).

Preterm birth complications, birth asphyxia/trauma, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria.

The rise of BBT at the time of ovulation due to an increase in the production of progesterone.

Neonatal problems, ear infections, meningitis, sepsis, HIV/AIDS, anemia.

To prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure.

186 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

To reduce global morbidity and mortality associated with the major causes of illnesses in children under 5 years of age.

In children with marasmus, the skin may go back slowly even if the child is not dehydrated. In overweight children or children with edema, the skin may go back immediately even if the child is dehydrated.

Slowly give frequent small sips from a cup or spoon.

Show the mother how to prepare ORS solution at home, how much ORS solution to give to complete the 4-hour treatment at home, and provide enough packets to complete rehydration along with 2 more packets as recommended in Plan A.

Explain population pyramid, Read and interpret a population pyramid, Identify and interpret population pyramids in different stages of growth, Identify and interpret different types of population pyramids with respect to shape, Explain any asymmetry in shape, Identify baby boom in population pyramid, State importance of population pyramids, Calculate and interpret dependency ratio, Explain age and sex composition of a population, Calculate sex ratio from a given data.

If the child cannot drink, insert a nasogastric tube and give maintenance fluids in frequent small amounts.

The process of rapidly screening sick children soon after their arrival in the hospital to identify emergency signs, priority signs, and non-urgent cases.

b. Pneumonia.

Refer URGENTLY to hospital, give first dose antibiotics, treat fever if present, treat wheezing if present.

Management Information System, Logistic Management Information System, GIS/Mapping, Research in Population and Development, and Funding.

BBT, cervical mucus method, and calendar method.

Child survival is more determined by tested interventions based on a holistic approach, covering the majority who need it, taking into account capacity & structure of healthcare systems as well as traditions and beliefs in the community.

Barrier Methods, Intra uterine Devices (IUCD), Hormonal Methods, Post conceptional Methods, and Miscellaneous.

No fast breathing (<60/min) and no chest indrawing.

To understand the changes in population structure over time.

Tubal ligation and vasectomy.

Abstinence is necessary for the entire pre-ovulatory period, and some females have irregular cycles.

Severe dehydration, some dehydration, and no dehydration.

Married women in reproductive age who want to do birth spacing but are not using any method of contraception, along with their husbands not practicing any method.

Observe if the skin pinch goes back very slowly (longer than 2 seconds), slowly (skin stays up even for a brief instant), or immediately.

Adopt an integrated syndromic approach to manage sick child, move disease-specific to overall case-specific strategy, and practice healthcare appropriate to healthcare infrastructure.

Mechanism of action, indicators of effectiveness, side effects, non-contraceptive benefits, eligibility criteria, and interventions for certain problems during use.

Basal body temperature, cervical mucus method, symptothermic method.

57.998 deaths per 1000 live births.

Fast breathing (>60/min) and no chest indrawing.

Cervical mucus becomes watery clear resembling raw egg white, smooth, slippery, and profuse.

Fast breathing (≥60/min) and severe chest indrawing/nasal flaring.

Inconvenient or unsatisfactory services, lack of information, fears about side effects, and opposition from husbands and family members.

4 hours.

Reassess the child using the ASSESS AND CLASSIFY chart and choose the appropriate plan to continue treatment.

1. Give extra fluid, 2. Continue feeding, 3. When to return, 4. Give zinc supplements (age 2 months up to 5 years).

Voluntary counseling and testing.

Two phases (follicular and luteal phase).

By comparing the number of males to females in a given population.

A strategy for reducing mortality and morbidity associated with major causes of childhood illness.

The shortest cycle minus 18 days gives the first day of the fertile period, and the longest cycle minus 10 days gives the last day of the fertile period.

Spacing Methods and Terminal Methods.

The next plan to be considered if Plan B does not yield the desired results.

Males are on the left and females are on the right.

Advise mother to give home care, keep baby comfortably warm, frequent breastfeeding, and clear nose if it interferes with feeding.

To address population as a crosscutting issue and ensure coordination at all levels within the government and with all stakeholders.

Improvement in case management skills, overall healthcare system, and family and community healthcare practices.

History taking, checking for general danger signs, routine check for major symptoms, assessing nutritional status, immunization status, and feeding.

Refer urgently to hospital for injectable antibiotic and give the first dose of antibiotics.

If the child is restless and irritable all the time or every time he is touched or handled. If an infant or child is calm when breastfeeding but restless and irritable when he stops breastfeeding, he has the sign 'restless and irritable'.

Wait 10 minutes before giving more fluid, then resume giving the fluid more slowly.

Determining the child's health problem, severity of the child's condition, and appropriate action to be taken.

To calculate the number of dependents (young and old) in a population compared to the working-age population.

To address mother-to-child transmission.

Advise mother to give home care, give antibiotic, treat fever if present, and treat wheezing if present.

Locate the area halfway between the umbilicus and the side of the abdomen, use thumb and first finger to pick up all layers of skin and tissue, pinch for one second and then release, observe how the skin pinch goes back.

The baby is under 6 months, the mother is still amenorrhic, and she practices exclusive breastfeeding on demand, day and night.

To prevent live sperm from meeting the ovum.

It is a sign of overhydration, indicating that the child has been rehydrated and does not need any more ORS solution at that time.

Children with diarrhea are classified for dehydration, persistent diarrhea (if lasting 14 days or more), and dysentery (if blood in the stool).

71.34 deaths per thousand live births.

To identify the methods for assessing the impact of family planning programs.

It is higher in rural areas than urban areas and is affected by education and socioeconomic status of married couples.

Childhood vaccinations, ORT, effective use of antibiotics, prompt malaria treatment, and breastfeeding.

1. Give Extra Fluid, 2. Continue Feeding, 3. When to Return, 4. Give Zinc.