What are the general characteristics of acute renal failure?
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Decrease in GFR, Oliguria, Edema, Azotemia.
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What are the general characteristics of acute renal failure?
Decrease in GFR, Oliguria, Edema, Azotemia.
What are the key findings in Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
Hematuria, Proteinuria, Oliguria, Presence of casts (RBC cast, WBC casts, Hyaline Casts, Granular Casts), Increased BUN Levels, Positive ASO Titer.
What is a significant laboratory finding in acute interstitial nephritis?
Hematuria, Proteinuria, Leukocyturia, WBC casts, Urine eosinophils.
What is a characteristic appearance of a granular, dirty, brown cast?
It is typically associated with renal tubular damage or injury.
What may cause an increase in serum IgA levels in patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy?
Mucosal infection.
What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease?
Diabetic Nephropathy, also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease.
What characterizes acute interstitial nephritis?
Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitium in response to certain medications, often accompanied by acute onset of renal dysfunction and a skin rash.
What are common prerenal causes of acute renal failure?
Burns, Hemorrhage, Surgery, Septicemia.
What syndrome may occur as a result of Membranous Glomerulonephritis?
Nephrotic Syndrome.
What does a disintegrating RBC cast indicate?
It indicates the presence of hemoglobin pigment in the urine.
What is the etiology of chronic pyelonephritis?
Recurrent infection of the renal tubules and interstitium caused by structural abnormalities affecting the flow of urine.
What characterizes Interstitial Disorders?
Disorders affecting the renal interstitium that also impact the tubules, involving inflammatory conditions and infections.
What can cause damage to the glomerular membrane in Glomerular Disorders?
Certain strains of Group A Streptococcus, pneumonia, endocarditis, and severe infections.
What is Fanconi’s Syndrome associated with?
Hereditary exposure to toxic agents and failure of tubular reabsorption in the PCT.
What are the three classifications of renal diseases?
Glomerular Disorder, Tubular Disorder, Interstitial Disorder.
What are the symptoms of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
Fever, hypertension, edema, oliguria, fatigue, and hematuria.
What is Henoch-Schönlein Purpura?
It is an allergic vasculitis involving the skin, GIT, kidneys, heart, and CNS, characterized by immune complex disease with capillary involvement and diffuse infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages.
What significant tests are associated with heavy proteinuria?
Serum albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides.
What is a common cause of Glomerular Disorder?
Usually of immune origins that result in immunologic disorders.
What causes Wegener’s Granulomatosis?
It causes granuloma producing inflammation of the small blood vessels in the lungs and kidneys, caused by antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA).
What is a common characteristic of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy?
Immune complexes are deposited on the glomerular membrane.
What lab findings are associated with Chronic Glomerulonephritis?
Hematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, broad casts, decreased GFR, increased BUN and creatinine levels, and electrolyte imbalance.
What toxic agents can damage RTE cells in Acute Tubular Necrosis?
Aminoglycosides, amphotericin, cyclosporine, radiographic dyes, ethylene glycol, mushroom poisoning, and heavy metals.
What is the clinical course of Acute Pyelonephritis?
Acute onset of urinary frequency, burning, and lower back pain, resolved with antibiotics.
What does CLSI define urinalysis as?
Urinalysis is defined as the testing of urine with procedures that are expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective.
What are the primary functions of the kidneys?
Maintaining homeostasis, excretion of waste products, and maintenance of blood pressure and erythropoiesis.
What is Alport Syndrome?
An inherited disorder affecting the glomerular basement membrane, often more severe in males.
What are the laboratory findings in Goodpasture Syndrome?
Macroscopic hematuria, Proteinuria, RBC casts.
What characterizes Membranous Glomerulonephritis?
Thickening of the glomerular membrane due to deposition of IgG immune complexes.
What causes Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis?
Disruption of podocytes associated with analgesic and heroin abuse and AIDS.
What are the primary urinalysis results for chronic pyelonephritis?
Leukocyturia, Bacteriuria, WBC casts, Bacterial casts, Granular, waxy, broad casts, Hematuria, Proteinuria.
What is the GFR range for Stage 2 chronic kidney disease?
60-89 ml/min/1.73 m².
What is Acute Tubular Necrosis associated with?
Damage to the renal tubules caused by toxic agents or ischemia.
What is characterized by marked massive proteinuria in Nephrotic Syndrome?
3.5 g/d of protein loss.
What are the three main types of urinalysis?
Physical Examination, Chemical Examination, and Microscopic Examination.
What are the primary urinalysis results indicative of Minimal Change Disease?
Heavy proteinuria, transient hematuria, fat droplets.
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Sterile inflammatory processes that affect the glomerulus, associated with blood, protein, and casts in urine.
What is Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy also known as?
Berger’s Disease.
What is a key feature of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis?
Cellular proliferation in capillary walls or glomerular basement membrane.
What is the etiology of Cystitis?
Ascending bacterial infection of the bladder.
What are the characteristics of chronic renal failure?
Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Azotemia, Electrolyte imbalance, Lack of renal concentrating activity, Proteinuria, Renal glycosuria.
Which autoimmune disorder is associated with Membranous Glomerulonephritis?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
What are the two types of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis?
Type I and Type II.
What are the primary urinalysis results for Cystitis?
Leukocyturia, bacteriuria, microscopic hematuria, mild proteinuria, and increased pH.
What characterizes Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis?
It is a more serious form that can lead to renal failure, has a poor prognosis, and involves damage to the capillary wall due to macrophages releasing cells and plasma in the Bowman’s space, leading to crescentic formations.
What is a potential long-term outcome for patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy?
Gradual progression to chronic glomerulonephritis and end stage renal disease.
What are the significant laboratory findings in Acute Pyelonephritis?
Leukocyturia, bacteriuria, WBC casts, bacterial casts, microscopic hematuria, and proteinuria.
What causes Nephrotic Syndrome in Glomerulonephritis?
Increased permeability of the glomerular membrane due to disruption in electrical charges.
What are some reasons for performing urinalysis?
Aiding in the diagnosis of disease, screening asymptomatic populations, monitoring disease progress, and evaluating therapy effectiveness.
What does the presence of nitrite in urinalysis indicate?
The presence of nitrite suggests the presence of bacteria in the urine.
What does the presence of glucose in urine suggest?
The presence of glucose may indicate conditions such as diabetes or yeast infections.
What is the significance of color in urinalysis?
Color can indicate the presence of blood and help confirm pathologic or non-pathologic causes of turbidity.
What can hematuria indicate in a urinalysis?
Hematuria can indicate the presence of red blood cells in urine, which may suggest a pathologic condition.
What is the primary reason for studying urine in relation to kidney health?
The kidney is the only organ that can be evaluated noninvasively to assess its status.
