What is resorption atelectasis?
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It occurs when obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways, causing alveoli in the affected area to collapse.
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What is resorption atelectasis?
It occurs when obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways, causing alveoli in the affected area to collapse.
What are the major disorders associated with obstructive lung disease?
Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis.
What is emphysema?
A lung condition that causes shortness of breath due to damage to the air sacs in the lungs.
What are the possible obstructions that can cause resorption atelectasis?
Mucous plugs, tumors, and foreign bodies.
What causes laryngeal papillomas?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 (low-risk).
What is pneumoconiosis?
Lung disorders caused by inhalation of mineral dusts.
What happens as silicosis progresses?
Nodules coalesce into hard collagenous scars.
What is the primary treatment for laryngeal papillomas?
Surgical excision, including laser ablation.
What causes laryngeal papillomas?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 (low-risk).
What characterizes restrictive lung diseases?
Reduced compliance and decreased total lung capacity.
What type of immunity controls 95% of primary tuberculosis infections?
Cell-mediated immunity.
What is the characteristic feature of Ghon complex?
Involvement of lymph nodes.
What is the defect in cystic fibrosis?
Abnormal function of an epithelial chloride channel protein.
What do lung lesions from primary tuberculosis eventually become?
Localized, fibrocalcified nodules.
What is the etiology of Sarcoidosis?
Unknown, but theories include disordered or exaggerated immune response, genetic predisposition, and exposure to environmental agents.
What is lung injury often caused by?
Inflammation.
What is the most common type of laryngeal cancer?
Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
What is adenocarcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in the glands and can occur in many different parts of the body.
What is the histological characteristic of chronic bronchitis in large airways?
Mucus hypersecretion.
What type of granuloma is associated with Ghon complex?
Necrotizing granuloma.
What happens during the late phase of asthma?
Recruited leukocytes and inflammatory cells damage the epithelium, leading to airway remodeling and thickened/narrowed airways.
What is fibrosis?
Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process.
Which gene encodes the defective chloride channel protein in cystic fibrosis?
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene.
How is the hypersensitivity and increased resistance induced by primary tuberculosis reflected?
By a positive tuberculin skin test.
What percentage of cases does progressive primary tuberculosis occur in?
Approximately 5% of cases, mostly due to impaired immunity.
What does the clinical course of ARDS depend on?
Severity.
Is there firm evidence to suggest Sarcoidosis is caused by an infectious agent?
No, there is no firm evidence to suggest this.
What is the main pathology associated with ARDS?
Diffuse alveolar damage.
What causes the swelling of larger airways in chronic bronchitis?
Edema fluid and a layer of mucinous or mucopurulent secretions.
What is formed in the alveoli due to inflammatory mediators in ARDS?
Hyaline membranes.
What percentage of primary lung tumors are carcinomas?
Approximately 95%.
What is a characteristic of Atopic asthma?
It has a genetic predisposition.
What happens in pneumonia?
The air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs fill up with fluid or pus.
What proportion of deaths in the US does pulmonary infections account for?
Approximately one-sixth.
In which individuals may tuberculosis be asymptomatic?
Immunocompetent individuals.
What does CIS stand for in the context of lung tumors?
Carcinoma-in-situ.
In which demographic is sarcoidosis most common in the U.S.?
African American females aged 20-40 years old.
What does IPF stand for?
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
What percentage of sarcoidosis patients experience spleen involvement?
75%.
What happens to the airspaces in emphysema?
They become abnormally enlarged.
What factor disturbs the normal balance in emphysema?
Smoking, which leads to increased proteolytic agents (e.g. elastase).
What type of test is QuantiFERON?
It is a TB blood test, also known as Interferon-Gamma Release Assays.
What is the typical respiratory symptom in early emphysema?
Progressive dyspnea with expiratory airflow limitation (low FEV).
What is the usual blood oxygenation status at rest in uncomplicated emphysema?
Relatively normal.
Can QuantiFERON differentiate between latent TB and active disease?
No, it does not differentiate latent TB from active disease.
Which type of epithelium is commonly found in the bronchial lining?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
What type of disorder is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.
What are the later signs of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Hypoxemia, cyanosis, and clubbing.
What factors determine the survival in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma?
Location and stage of the cancer.
What is the pathogenesis of Atopic asthma?
It shows evidence of allergen sensitization and immune activation.
How do asthma attacks usually subside?
Spontaneously within a few hours or with treatment.
What is a characteristic feature of squamous cell carcinoma?
Keratin pearl formation.
What are vocal fold nodules associated with?
Smoking or singers (singer’s nodes).
What are patients with pure emphysema often referred to as?
“Pink puffers”.
What is the duration of treatment for TB disease?
4 to 9 months.
What is cor pulmonale?
Right-sided heart failure due to lung disease.
Can silicosis progress even after exposure has ceased?
Yes, it may progress even after exposure has ceased.
How long do asbestos fibers remain in the body?
For life (20 - 40 years latency).
What is the main cause of I.P.F. in genetically predisposed individuals?
Cigarette smoking.
How does osteomyelitis in oral tuberculosis spread to bone?
Hematogenous → periapical tissues → bone.
How is emphysema diagnosed?
Through clinical signs, lung function tests, and imaging.
What is the strongest association of small cell carcinoma?
Smoking.
What triggers the early (immediate) response in asthma?
IgE triggering mast cell mediators.
What are the primary causes of respiratory failure?
Upper airway obstruction, loss of ventilatory drive, loss of normal gas exchange, and mechanical impairment.
What can cause upper airway obstruction?
It can be a primary cause of respiratory failure.
What can lead to loss of ventilatory drive?
It can result in respiratory failure.
Which phase of breathing is mainly difficult for individuals with asthma?
Expiration.
What does IgE production lead to in asthma pathogenesis?
Coating mast cells and mediating allergic responses.
What is the mean survival time for patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Only 2 - 4 years.
What are the types of pneumonia?
Community-Acquired Pneumonia, Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia, Gram-negative rods, Staph aureus (usually methicillin-resistant).
What is often used for diagnosing sarcoidosis?
Transbronchial lung biopsy.
Why is sarcoidosis diagnosed by exclusion?
Because other diseases can also produce non-necrotizing granulomas.
What is sarcoidosis?
A multisystem disease characterized by non-necrotizing granulomas in many organs.
What is the linear correlation with lung cancer?
Smoking.
What is bronchiectasis in the context of cystic fibrosis?
Permanent dilation of the bronchi.
What is the etiology of Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What are the treatment options for lung cancer?
Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Is Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma more prevalent in males or females?
More prevalent in males (M>F).
What is the 5-year survival rate for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the glottis area?
Approximately 77% overall.
What type of cancer can affect the larynx?
Squamous cell carcinoma.
What is the common bacterial cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia following a viral infection?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What is a precursor lesion in respiratory epithelium?
Dysplasia.
Which condition is characterized by the overgrowth of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?
Goblet cell hyperplasia.
What are the symptoms of asbestosis?
Symptoms of asbestosis include shortness of breath, a persistent cough, chest tightness, and clubbing of the fingers.
What happens to the compliance of the lungs in ARDS?
It is reduced, making the lungs stiff and inelastic.
What do the tiny nodules in silicosis coalesce into?
Hard, collagenous scars.
What are the common symptoms of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Nonproductive cough and progressive dyspnea.
What can result from pericardial involvement in lung tumor spread?
Pericarditis, tamponade.
What happens to the mucous gland layer in chronic bronchitis?
It thickens.
What is the primary feature of obstructive lung diseases?
Decreased expiratory flow rate.
What are the characteristics of 'blue bloaters' in chronic bronchitis?
Productive cough, significant COPD with outflow obstruction, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and cyanosis.
What is the most frequently diagnosed major cancer?
Lung cancer.
What is compression atelectasis?
Lung collapse due to pressure in the pleural cavity.
What does atelectasis predispose to?
Infection.
Why are individuals with asthma more susceptible to dental caries and candidiasis?
Due to reduced salivary flow.
What percentage of people with sarcoidosis develop progressive fibrosis and cor pulmonale?
15%.
What is the most common subtype of lung carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma.
What are some seasonal triggers of bronchoconstriction in asthma?
Cold air.
What occurs to the alveolar walls in emphysema?
Thinning and destruction.
What are some industrial hazards that are carcinogens for lung carcinoma?
Uranium, asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, vinyl chloride, mustard gas, high dose ionizing radiation.
What drives the growth of laryngeal papillomas?
HPV (Human Papillomavirus).
Give an example of a drug that can induce bronchoconstriction in asthma.
Aspirin.
What are the environmental factors contributing to I.P.F.?
Cigarette smoking and other factors.
What imaging technique is used in tuberculosis diagnosis?
Chest radiograph.
What is the function of RB in small cell carcinoma?
Close to 100% of tumors have RB loss-of-function aberrations.
What are the hallmarks of asthma?
Intermittent and reversible airway obstruction, chronic bronchial inflammation, smooth muscle hypertrophy & hyperactivity, and increased mucus secretion.
What is the characteristic of severe ARDS?
It has a rapid onset of life-threatening respiratory insufficiency.
What does Eotaxin do in asthma pathogenesis?
Attracts and activates eosinophils.
What is the only definitive treatment for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Lung transplant.
What laboratory tests are used for diagnosing sarcoidosis?
No definitive diagnostic test.
What is the role of the mucociliary blanket?
It helps in the removal of foreign particles and microorganisms from the respiratory tract.
What is atelectasis?
Incomplete expansion or collapse of lung parenchyma.
What is the composition of asbestos bodies?
Asbestos fiber core coated with iron-containing protein.
What is the abbreviation for progressive massive fibrosis?
PMF.
How is Non-atopic asthma characterized?
It shows no evidence of allergen sensitization.
What may precede squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the lungs?
Squamous metaplasia or dysplasia.
How does cessation of smoking affect the risk of lung cancer?
It decreases the risk, but it never returns to baseline levels.
How long may CIS (carcinoma-in-situ) last before transforming into invasive SCC?
Years.
What percentage of patients develop secondary TB?
Less than 5%.
What genetic changes are associated with squamous cell carcinoma?
Loss or mutation of suppressor genes TP53, CDKN2A (p16), RB.
What is the morphology associated with bronchitis?
Increased goblet cells in the lining epithelium and loss of cilia.
What are the clinical symptoms of emphysema?
Dyspnea, cough, wheezing.
What is the most common cause of death resulting from an endemic infectious agent?
Tuberculosis.
What type of exposure can trigger bronchoconstriction in asthma for some individuals?
Occupational exposure.
What are the effects of the early (immediate) response in asthma?
Bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, increased mucus production, and increased inflammatory cell recruitment.
What bodily secretion is used for tuberculosis diagnosis?
Sputum/smear.
Which gene family shows amplification in small cell carcinoma?
MYC (oncogene) family.
What is the treatment for asbestosis?
Treatment for asbestosis focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing further lung damage. This may include oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, lung transplantation.
What is the hallmark lesion in silicosis characterized by?
Central area of whorled collagen fibers with a more peripheral zone of dust-laden macrophages.
What is the cause of pneumonia, abscess, and lobar collapse in lung tumor spread?
Airway obstruction by tumor.
What is the function of the lungs?
Supplying O2 to and removing CO2 from blood in capillaries of alveoli.
What are asbestos bodies?
Golden brown, fusiform or beaded rods.
What are the main types of pulmonary infections?
Bacterial and viral infections.
What is mesothelioma?
A rare, rapidly fatal cancer of mesothelial cells.
What are the common treatments for asthma?
Anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly glucocorticoids, and bronchodilators.
What are the potential complications linked to silicosis?
Pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, increased susceptibility to infection, and double the risk of cancer.
What percentage of patients with mesotheliomas lack a history of asbestos exposure?
20%.
What is the characteristic feature of granulomas in primary tuberculosis?
Central caseation - caseous necrosis.
At what age does Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (I.P.F.) rarely occur?
Before the age of 55 years.
Which subtype of lung carcinoma has the worst prognosis and almost always metastasizes?
Small cell carcinoma.
What is the etiology of IPF?
Unknown (possibly genetic predisposition).
What is the pathogenesis of emphysema?
The normal balance between proteolytic agents and their antagonists is disturbed.
Where does the hypersecretion of mucus begin in chronic bronchitis?
In the large airways.
What type of inhibitors are used in immunotherapy for lung cancer?
PD-L1 inhibitors.
What is the cause of xerostomia in 10-20% of sarcoidosis patients?
Enlarged parotid glands.
How does QuantiFERON differ from the TB skin test in relation to BCG vaccination?
It is not affected by prior BCG vaccination and is not expected to give a false-positive result.
What is observed on chest X-ray studies in asbestosis?
Irregular linear densities.
What are the early stages of silicosis characterized by?
Tiny nodules.
What is the prognosis of asbestosis complicated by lung or pleural cancer?
It has a very poor prognosis.
What is the prognosis for most patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Deterioration.
What is the most prevalent chronic occupational disease in the world?
Silicosis.
What is the outcome of miliary disease in progressive primary tuberculosis?
It may be fatal.
What are the common occupations at risk of silicosis?
Miners, quarry workers, and workers in the construction industry.
What is a common underlying risk factor for emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
Cigarette smoking.
What is the most common form of extrapulmonary TB?
Cervical lymphadenitis, also known as scrofula.
What can cause fluid effusion leading to compression atelectasis?
Heart failure.
How common is oral TB?
Rare, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
What is squamous cell carcinoma closely correlated with?
A smoking history.
What can cystic fibrosis lead to in terms of heart function?
Right-sided heart failure.
What are the signs and symptoms of sarcoidosis?
Fever, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats.
What is QuantiFERON used for?
Diagnosing Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI).
What causes vocal cords to become nodular?
Overuse and trauma (preacher’s, singer’s nodules).
Which enzyme is the most important protease inhibitor in emphysema?
Enzyme alpha 1-antitrypsin, found in serum, tissue fluids, and macrophages.
How does asthma affect smooth muscle in the airway?
It becomes markedly thickened.
What is the gold standard for testing TB exposure?
QuantiFERON - TB test.
What are some symptoms of community-acquired acute pneumonia?
Abrupt onset, fever, shaking chills, chest pain, cough.
What are some diverse causes of ARDS?
Pneumonia, COVID, sepsis, aspiration, trauma.
What pattern is seen on radiograph in asbestosis?
Honeycomb pattern.
What is an example of mechanical impairment that can cause respiratory failure?
Massive rib fracture or muscle disease.
What are the local effects of lung tumor spread related to the airways?
Cough, involvement of central airways, hemoptysis, chest pain, pneumonia, abscess, lobar collapse, airway obstruction, lipoid pneumonia, pleural effusion, hoarseness, dysphagia, diaphragm paralysis, rib destruction, SVC syndrome, pericarditis, tamponade.
What is the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis?
Reduced Cl- secretion into respiratory tract lumen leading to increased reabsorption of Na+ ions and water.
What is the overall mortality rate of ARDS?
38.5%.
What percentage of people with sarcoidosis recover with little residual effect?
65 - 70%.
What is the average life expectancy after diagnosis of mesothelioma?
12 - 18 months.
What is the initial site of involvement in primary tuberculosis?
Ghon focus.
How is oral TB usually acquired?
Usually as a secondary infection to pulmonary disease via infected sputum.
How does silicosis affect the risk of cancer?
It increases the risk of cancer by two times.
What is the primary cause of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Cigarette smoking (95% related).
What type of exercise can induce bronchoconstriction in asthma?
Exercise-induced.
What are the characteristics of peripherally located adenocarcinoma?
It grows more slowly and forms smaller masses than other subtypes.
What kind of mutations are found in adenocarcinoma?
Gain-of-function mutations in multiple growth genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases.
How is sarcoidosis treated?
With corticosteroids.
What percentage of small cell carcinomas occur in nonsmokers?
Only about 1%.
What is asbestosis?
Asbestosis is a chronic lung condition caused by inhaling asbestos fibers, leading to scarring of the lung tissue.
What are the recurrent symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night or early in the morning.
What is the process called when squamous cells replace another type of epithelial cell in the respiratory tract?
Squamous metaplasia.
What do T H 2 cells produce in asthma pathogenesis?
ILs (cytokines).
What is the term for the reversible change of one cell type to another?
Metaplasia.
What can cause dysphagia in lung tumor spread?
Esophageal invasion.
Where are the defective chloride channels found in cystic fibrosis?
Exocrine gland epithelium.
What are the constitutional features of tuberculosis?
Fatigue, weight loss, low-grade fever, night sweats.
What is the pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (I.P.F.)?
It involves abnormal wound healing, leading to excessive scarring of the lung tissue.
Which organ is almost always involved in primary tuberculosis?
Lungs.
What may be the result of vocal fold nodules?
Chronic irritation or overuse.
Why do patients with pure emphysema hyperventilate but have less hypoxia?
Due to decreased oxygen exchange.
What are the two patterns of involvement in pneumonia?
Lobar and Bronchopneumonia.
What happens to the parenchyma in emphysema?
Spaces or holes are formed when the septum is destroyed.
What is the histological characteristic of bronchitis in the trachea and large bronchi?
Hypertrophy of submucosal glands, hypersecretion of mucus, and inflammatory infiltrate.
What is the result of subepithelial fibrosis in asthma?
Structural changes in the airway.
What are the clinical features used for diagnosing chronic bronchitis?
Persistent productive cough for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years.
Name the growth genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases with mutations in adenocarcinoma.
EGFR (epidermoid growth factor receptor), ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), KRAS (Ras family oncogene).
What are the characteristics of IPF?
Radiologic and histologic progressive fibrosis.
What is the nature of the course of sarcoidosis?
Unpredictable, with periods of activity and remissions, sometimes permanent.
What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
It is lung swelling and fluid build-up in alveoli.
What are the risk factors for COPD?
Cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, environmental and occupational pollutants.
What procedure may be used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis involving tissue?
Biopsy.
What is activated in asthma pathogenesis due to inhaled antigens?
Eosinophils.
What is the percentage range of patients experiencing cough due to lung tumor spread?
50% - 75%.
How do bacilli spread in progressive primary tuberculosis?
Via airways, leading to an acute bacterial pneumonia-like disease, and via systemic blood vessels.
What is the impact of new therapies on cystic fibrosis?
They increase life expectancy.
What are the pulmonary features of tuberculosis?
Productive cough, hemoptysis, pleuritic pain.
What percentage of people with sarcoidosis experience permanent lung or visual dysfunction?
20%.
Is squamous cell carcinoma more common in men or women?
More common in men.
Where else can malignant mesothelioma occur besides in asbestos workers?
Occasionally in members of household of asbestos workers and in the general public.
How effective are the drugs in preventing reactivation of TB disease?
As effective.
What is the characteristic of invasive SCC appearance in the lungs?
Often insidious lesions that have spread and are unresectable before producing symptoms.
What is the subtype of lung carcinoma with neuroendocrine origin?
Small cell carcinoma.
What accompanies the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in emphysema?
Destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis.
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
What percentage of sarcoidosis patients experience bone marrow involvement?
20%.
What must be excluded before diagnosing IPF as 'idiopathic'?
Other diseases.
Which mutation has the highest burden among lung cancers?
TP53 (90% of tumors).
What is a common physical characteristic of individuals with emphysema?
Barrel-shaped chest.
What type of response do inhaled antigens elicit in asthma pathogenesis?
T H 2 -dominated response.
What type of epithelium may replace pseudostratified columnar epithelium in response to irritation or injury?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
What does the acronym 'CIGARETTES' represent in relation to lung health?
It represents the risk factor associated with smoking and lung diseases.
What is the cause of SVC syndrome in lung tumor spread?
SVC compression by tumor (face/neck swelling, distended neck veins, cough, dyspnea, orthopnea).
What is the treatment for ARDS?
Supplemental oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilator.
What are the occupational exposures that can lead to silicosis?
Mining, stone cutting, and ceramics production.
What are the characteristic structures seen in sarcoidosis histology?
Schaumann bodies and Asteroid bodies.
At what age is lung cancer usually diagnosed?
50 or older.
How has the toll of deaths from pulmonary infections changed during the COVID pandemic?
It has risen.
What drugs are considered first-line anti-TB agents?
Isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA).
What are the other organs affected by sarcoidosis?
Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, eyes, skin, oral mucosa, heart, CNS, and parotid glands.
How does Tuberculosis spread from person to person?
Via airborne droplets.
Which mutations may be targeted with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer?
EGFR and ALK mutations.
What are the components of the Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT)?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli.
What happens to the elastic recoil in emphysema?
It is lost, requiring affected persons to forcefully squeeze air out of the lungs.
What does the productive cough in emphysema depend upon?
The extent of associated chronic bronchitis.
What is the recommended treatment for bacterial community-acquired acute pneumonia?
Antibiotics.
What are the potential complications of COPD?
Pneumonia or respiratory failure.
What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells in the bronchial lining?
Neoplastic bronchial change.
How can loss of normal gas exchange contribute to respiratory failure?
It is one of the primary causes of respiratory failure.
What is the term for the abnormal development of cells within a tissue or organ?
Dysplasia.
What is the cause of hemoptysis in lung tumor spread?
Hemorrhage from tumor in airway.
What are the outcomes of primary tuberculosis?
Healed lesions (organisms not viable), Latent lesions (dormant organisms), Progressive primary tuberculosis.
What is the histological feature of sarcoidosis?
Non-necrotizing granulomas.
What is primary tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis in previously unexposed people.
What are the other 5% of primary lung tumors?
Bronchial carcinoids (neuroendocrine), Mesotheliomas, Spindle cell malignancies, Benign tumors.
At what stage do most patients develop shortness of breath in silicosis?
Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) stage.
What is the most common lung involvement in sarcoidosis?
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy.
What does emphysema affect?
Alveoli.
Where does squamous cell carcinoma tend to arise in the lungs?
Centrally in major bronchi.
What are some viral causes of community-acquired acute pneumonia?
Influenza types A and B, respiratory syncytial viruses, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, rhinoviruses.
What is emphysema?
Abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, especially in the upper lobe of the lung.
Who is adenocarcinoma most common in?
Women and non-smokers.
What conditions are often encompassed by the term COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
What percentage of the US adult population does COPD affect?
More than 10%.
When does asbestosis become more common?
10 years after first exposure and more common after 20 to 30 years.
What are the common symptoms of asbestosis?
Dyspnea and cough.
What is released by macrophages in silicosis?
Inflammatory mediators.
Which lesions are represented by the presence of carcinoma in situ in respiratory epithelium?
E & F. Carcinoma in situ.
What may the expansion and coalescence of lesions lead to in silicosis?
Progressive massive fibrosis.
What are the positive results of clinical trials for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Antifibrotic agents like Nintedanib and Pirfenidone.
What is silicosis?
A lung disease caused by inhaling crystalline silica dust.
How does reduced Cl- secretion affect mucus in cystic fibrosis?
It makes the mucus more concentrated and viscid, leading to obstruction.
What causes limitation of airflow in obstructive lung diseases?
Partial or complete obstruction.
How does atelectasis affect blood oxygenation?
It reduces oxygenation of blood.
What are the clinical features of cystic fibrosis related to the lungs?
Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung abscesses.
What condition involves the leakage of air and can lead to compression atelectasis?
Pneumothorax.
What are common sites of metastasis for lung cancer?
Adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone.
What are the consequences of increased goblet cells or hyperplastic submucosal glands in asthma?
Formation of mucus plugs.
In which population is secondary TB more common?
Immunocompromised individuals with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/μL.
What are the components of the Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
What percentage of males aged 40-65 years are affected by chronic bronchitis?
Up to 20-25%.
What leads to abnormal repair in response to recurrent alveolar epithelial injuries in I.P.F.?
Epithelial TGF-β leading to fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and collagen production.
What type of blood test is used for tuberculosis diagnosis?
Quantiferon.
What habit can act as a trigger for bronchoconstriction in asthma?
Smoking.
What is the term for the abnormal growth of basal cells in respiratory epithelium?
Basal cell hyperplasia.
How is asbestosis diagnosed?
Asbestosis is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, lung function tests, and imaging studies such as chest X-rays and CT scans.
What are the potential outcomes of asbestosis?
It may be static or progress to respiratory failure, cor pulmonale, and death.
What is the term for cancer that has invaded nearby tissues?
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
What is the reason for hoarseness in lung tumor spread?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion.
What are the noxious or irritating inhaled substances that can lead to chronic bronchitis?
Tobacco smoke, dust, grain, cotton, and silica.
What does I.P.F. stand for?
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
What can severe lung disease lead to?
Severe disease can impair oxygenation of blood, leading to respiratory failure.
What are the potential complications associated with chronic bronchitis?
Recurrent infections and respiratory failure.
What are the symptoms of silicosis?
Shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain.
What are the common diagnostic tests for pneumonia?
Blood tests, Chest X-ray/CT, Pulse oximetry, Sputum test.
Where does mesothelioma arise?
In the pleura and rapidly encases the lungs.
What causes secondary (reactivation) tuberculosis?
Reactivation of bacilli in dormant lesions following reduced host resistance.
What are the risk factors associated with lobar pneumonia?
Diabetes, alcoholism.
What are the characteristics of oral mucosal nodules in oral tuberculosis?
Irregular, indurated, red or ulcerated, often painful.
How is the clinical course of sarcoidosis described?
Insidious onset of respiratory abnormalities such as shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis.
What is the 5-year survival rate for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the subglottis and supraglottis areas?
Approximately 46% overall.
What is PPD used for in the diagnosis of tuberculosis?
To diagnose tuberculosis.
How would you describe the morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Aerobic, acid-fast, slender rods.
What is the ranking of COPD as a cause of death in the US?
4th leading cause of death.
What do macrophages do in silicosis?
Phagocytose silica crystals.
How is active tuberculosis diagnosed?
By isolating Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacilli from bodily secretions or tissue.
Is there a known preinvasive phase for small cell carcinoma?
No, there is no known preinvasive phase.
What is the term for the earliest form of localized cancer?
Carcinoma-in-situ.
What can cause chest pain in lung tumor spread?
Extension of tumor into mediastinum, pleura, or chest wall.
