L-9 Democracy

Created by Neya Flower

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What did Winston Churchill say about democracy?

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Democracy is the least bad of all systems.

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Concept of Democracy

What did Winston Churchill say about democracy?

Democracy is the least bad of all systems.

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Concept of Democracy

What did Abraham Lincoln say about democracy?

Democracy is of the people, by the people, for the people.

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Concept of Democracy

Who is the scholar associated with the quote 'Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people'?

Abraham Lincoln - Gettysburg Address, 1863

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is the scholar and what is their work that argues sovereignty lies with the people and is best expressed through the general will?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The Social Contract, 1762

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is the scholar and what is their work that advocated representative systems for large societies while emphasizing local-level direct participation?

John Stuart Mill - Considerations on Representative Government, 1861

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Representative Democracy

Who is James Madison and what is his work?

Federalist Papers, 1788

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Representative Democracy

Who is Alexis de Tocqueville and what is his work?

Democracy in America, 1835

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Representative Democracy

Who is Joseph Schumpeter and what is his work?

Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 1942

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Representative Democracy

Who is John Locke and what is his work?

Not specified in the text

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Representative Democracy

Who is John Stuart Mill and what is his work?

Not specified in the text

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Representative Democracy

Who is Hannah Pitkin and what is her work?

Not specified in the text

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is the scholar and what is their work related to the health of a democratic society?

Alexis de Tocqueville - "The health of a democratic society may be measured by the quality of functions performed by private citizens."

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is the scholar and what is their work related to the separation of powers?

Montesquieu - "There is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive."

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is the scholar and what is their work related to the crisis of democracy?

Hannah Arendt - "The absence of participation in power by citizens is the first symptom of what is generally called 'the crisis of democracy.'"

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Pluralist Theories of Democracy

Who is the scholar and what is their work related to voter apathy?

Robert Dahl - "When the ordinary citizen is virtually powerless... policy tends to be responsive to the privileged."

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

Who is the scholar and what is their work related to elite domination?

C. Wright Mills - The Power Elite, 1956

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is the scholar and what is their work related to underrepresentation?

Iris Marion Young - highlighted disparities in public voice and access to power, undermining substantive equality.

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is Benjamin Barber and what is his work?

Strong Democracy (1984)

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is Benjamin Barber's key concept?

"Participation is like the muscle tissue of democracy; the more it is exercised, the stronger and more expansive it grows."

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau and what is his work?

N/A

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is Jean-Jacques Rousseau's key concept?

"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is John Stuart Mill and what is his work?

N/A

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is John Stuart Mill's key concept?

"The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it."

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is Carole Pateman and what is her work?

N/A

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is Carole Pateman's key concept?

Participatory democracy as "a way of life", essential for genuine democratic engagement.

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is James S. Coleman and what is his work?

N/A

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is James S. Coleman's key concept?

Instrumental View: Citizens act out of rational self-interest, e.g., voting for policies benefiting them.

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is John Dewey and what is his work?

N/A

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is John Dewey's key concept?

Developmental View: Participation enhances civic competence and sustains democratic vitality.

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

Who is Amitai Etzioni and what is his work?

N/A

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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is Amitai Etzioni's key concept?

"The social responsibility of individuals is to contribute to the well-being of their communities."

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Democratic Theory: Key Theorists and Works

Key Theorists and Their Major Works in Democratic Theory

TheoristMajor Work(s)Year
Jürgen HabermasThe Theory of Communicative Action; The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere1981, 1962
Robert DahlOn Democracy1998
John Stuart MillConsiderations on Representative Government1861
Robert PutnamBowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community2000
Joseph SchumpeterCapitalism, Socialism and Democracy1942
Hannah ArendtThe Human Condition1958
Carole PatemanParticipation and Democratic Theory1970
Benjamin BarberStrong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age1984
John RawlsA Theory of Justice1971
Amy Gutmann & Dennis ThompsonDemocracy and Disagreement1996
Joshua CohenDeliberation and Democratic Legitimacy1989
Simone ChambersWeak Enforcement2023
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Participatory Democracy: Characteristics and Criti...

What is Hannah Arendt's key concept on participatory democracy?

"The sad truth is that most evil is done by people who never make up their minds to be good or evil."

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is Jürgen Habermas known for?

His quote on communicative rationality: "Deliberation takes place when participants argue and weigh validity claims intending to reach rationally motivated agreement."

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is John Rawls known for?

His quote on public reason: "Justifications for political principles must be accessible and acceptable to all citizens."

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What do Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson argue?

Their quote: "The goal... is not to eliminate disagreement but to improve the quality of justification."

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is Joshua Cohen known for?

His quote on democratic deliberation: "The central aim of democratic deliberation is not consensus, but the respect of each other as free and equal persons."

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

Who is Nancy Fraser and what is her critique of deliberative democracy?

Nancy Fraser critiques deliberative democracy for privileging rhetorically skilled participants and warns of the 'tyranny of the articulate,' where marginalized voices may be excluded from meaningful discourse.

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is the work of Jürgen Habermas and what is his quote on deliberative democracy?

Jürgen Habermas: 'The force of communicative rationality permits the emergence of a democratic public sphere.'

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is the work of Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson and what is their quote on deliberative democracy?

Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson: 'Deliberative democracy accommodates diverse perspectives better than any alternative.'

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is the work of John Rawls and what is his quote on justice?

John Rawls: 'The principles of justice are the result of free and reasoned agreement among equals.'

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is the work of James Fishkin and what is his quote on deliberation?

James Fishkin: 'Deliberation can counter polarization and paralysis in politics.'

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

What is the work of Benjamin Barber and what is his quote on civic education?

Benjamin Barber: 'Deliberative democracy educates citizens to be more reasonable.'

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

Who is David Estlund and what is his critique of deliberative democracy?

David Estlund critiques deliberative democracy for epistemic elitism, as it tends to favor the articulate or expert, creating democratic imbalance.

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

Who is Mark Warren and what is his critique of deliberative democracy?

Mark Warren critiques deliberative democracy for its practicality, stating that large-scale implementation is resource-intensive and logistically complex.

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

Who is John Dryzek and what is his critique of deliberative democracy?

John Dryzek critiques deliberative democracy for the risk of manipulation, where elite actors may co-opt or steer deliberative spaces.

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Deliberative Democracy: Core Principles and Critiq...

Who is Jane Mansbridge and what is her critique of deliberative democracy?

Jane Mansbridge critiques deliberative democracy for inefficiency, noting that deliberation may delay urgent decision-making in crisis contexts.

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is Simone Chambers and what is their work on weak enforcement?

Weak Enforcement (2023)

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is Joseph Schumpeter and what is their work on democracy?

Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942)

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is Robert Dahl and what is their work on inclusivity in democracy?

On Democracy (1998)

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is John Locke and what is their quote on the rule of law?

"The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom."

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is Montesquieu and what is their contribution to democracy?

The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

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Procedural vs Substantive Democracy

Who is Alexis de Tocqueville and what is their work on democratic institutions?

Democracy in America (1835)

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Criticism of Procedural Democracy

Carole Pateman - Participation and Democratic Theory

1970

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Criticism of Procedural Democracy

C. Wright Mills - The Power Elite

1956

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Criticism of Procedural Democracy

Amartya Sen - Development as Freedom

1999

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Criticism of Procedural Democracy

Iris Marion Young - Inclusion and Democracy

2000

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Substantive Democracy

John Stuart Mill - Concept of Democracy

Democracy is a vehicle for individual development and social progress, stressing education and participation.

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Substantive Democracy

Amartya Sen - Concept of Democracy

Democracy enhances human capabilities and freedoms; without addressing poverty, gender inequality, and access to education and healthcare, democracy remains incomplete.

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Substantive Democracy

Iris Marion Young - Concept of Democracy

Critiqued procedural models for excluding marginalized voices and emphasized structural justice across race, gender, and class.

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Substantive Democracy

John Rawls - Difference Principle

Permits inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is Friedrich Hayek and what is his quote on economic design?

Friedrich Hayek - "The curious task of economics is to demonstrate... how little they really know about what they imagine they can design."

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is James Buchanan and what is his quote on economic policy in democracy?

James Buchanan - "Economic policy in a democracy has to be... one consistent package."

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is Cass R. Sunstein and what is his quote on political polarization?

Cass R. Sunstein - "Polarization... undermines the ability of the political system to function effectively."

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is Thomas Sowell and what is his quote on the welfare state?

Thomas Sowell - "The welfare state... is about the egos of the elites."

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is Amartya Sen?

His quote: 'A human being is not just an individual... like a stone or a tree.'

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

What is the Elitist Theory of Democracy?

It argues that all societies are inherently governed by a small, powerful minority, and that democratic mechanisms like elections legitimize elite control rather than enable genuine mass participation.

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

Who is Vilfredo Pareto and what is his work?

Pareto, an Italian sociologist, introduced the concept of the 'circulation of elites.' He argued that societies are always ruled by a small 'governing elite' with superior qualities (e.g., cunning, wealth).

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

Who is C. Wright Mills and what is his quote on limited political participation?

C. Wright Mills stated, 'The ordinary citizen is a negligible force in the political system.'

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

Who is C. Wright Mills and what is his quote on economic and social inequality?

C. Wright Mills stated, 'Inequality of wealth and income is the ultimate and paramount source of power in American society.'

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

Who is Sheldon Wolin and what is his quote on limited pluralism?

Sheldon Wolin stated, 'Pluralism is a device for making democracy safe for America's upper classes.'

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

Who is Robert Michels and what is his key concept?

Robert Michels' 'iron law of oligarchy' argued that even democratic organizations develop hierarchical leadership structures over time, consolidating power in the hands of a few.

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Elitist Theory of Democracy

Who is Joseph Schumpeter and what is his work?

In 'Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy' (1942), Schumpeter redefined democracy as a competitive struggle among elites for votes.

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Pluralist Theories of Democracy

Who is Robert Dahl and what is his work?

Who Governs? (1961)

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Pluralist Theories of Democracy

Who is David Truman and what is his work?

The Governmental Process (1951)

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Pluralist Theories of Democracy

Who is Arthur Bentley and what is his work?

The Process of Government (1908)

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Pluralist Theories of Democracy

What is Robert Dahl's key concept?

Democracy is realized when there is a 'free and open contest for the people's vote.'

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Pluralist Theories of Democracy

What is David Truman's key concept?

Interest groups are essential for representing diverse societal interests in the political process.

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Pluralist Theories of Democracy

What is Arthur Bentley's key concept?

Political decisions are influenced by a complex interplay of social forces.

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Dahl's Polyarchy Model

Who is Robert Dahl?

His work on Polyarchy, published in 1971.

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Dahl's Polyarchy Model

What is Robert Dahl's key concept of Polyarchy?

"A polyarchy is a system in which citizens have a real opportunity to formulate preferences, and leaders are free to exercise their own preferences."

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Critiques and Limitations

Who is Arthur Bentley?

His work on the critique of pluralism, published in 1908.

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Critiques and Limitations

What is Arthur Bentley's key concept regarding pluralism?

"The vice of pluralism is its dispersion."

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Dahl's Polyarchy Model

What is Robert Dahl's minimalist definition of democracy?

"Democracy doesn't require everyone to be an expert in politics but should ensure everyone has a say."

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Dahl's Polyarchy Model

Who is Robert Dahl?

Robert Dahl is known for his work 'Polyarchy' published in 1971.

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Dahl's Polyarchy Model

What is Robert Dahl's key concept?

Polyarchy is a multidimensional concept where elections are just one aspect of democratic governance.

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Dahl's Polyarchy Model

Who coined the term 'Polyarchy' and what is the title of their work?

Robert A. Dahl, 'Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition' (1971)

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Dahl's Polyarchy Model

What is Robert A. Dahl's key concept in democracy?

Popular sovereignty - 'government by the people.'

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Macpherson's Radical Theory of Democracy

Who is C.B. Macpherson?

C.B. Macpherson - Radical Theory of Democracy, 1973

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Macpherson's Radical Theory of Democracy

What is C.B. Macpherson's key concept of Positive vs. Negative Freedom?

True democracy must go beyond legal liberty to ensure people have real capabilities to act meaningfully in political life. Freedom should be both from oppression and to participate.

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Macpherson's Radical Theory of Democracy

What is C.B. Macpherson's key concept of Participatory Democracy?

Voting alone is insufficient; citizens must have substantive avenues to influence decisions that affect their lives—moving from passive subjects to active participants.

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Macpherson's Radical Theory of Democracy

What is C.B. Macpherson's key concept of Economic Democracy?

Political equality is incomplete without addressing economic power. Macpherson called for democratic control over economic institutions to prevent capitalist monopolization of resources.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is the scholar that emphasized substantive equality in democracy?

C.B. Macpherson - Equality of Access: Democracy must guarantee substantive equality—equal access to education, employment, and public platforms, not just formal rights.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

What is C.B. Macpherson's key concept regarding anti-oligarchy in democracy?

He warned that liberal democracies tend to concentrate power among elites and advocated for measures like campaign finance regulation and term limits to curb elite dominance.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is the scholar that called for a deliberative model embracing pluralism in democracy?

Iris Marion Young - Inclusion and Democracy: Calls for a deliberative model that embraces pluralism, identity, and group representation, ensuring that historically marginalized voices are actively included.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

What is David Held's critique regarding globalization and democracy?

David Held - Democracy and the Global Order: Critiques the democratic deficit in international governance structures as states lose control to global capital and supranational bodies.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

What does Carole Pateman advocate for in the context of democracy?

Carole Pateman - Advocates for the educative and empowering effects of direct citizen engagement, urging a move beyond mere electoral participation.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

What is Bernard Manin's defense of representative democracy?

Bernard Manin - Defends representative democracy as practical and necessary in large, complex societies, focusing on legitimacy through institutional design.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is Cass Sunstein and what is his work?

Republic.com 2.0

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

Who is Thomas Piketty and what is his work?

Capital in the Twenty-First Century

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

What is Cass Sunstein's key concept regarding digital media?

Echo chambers and misinformation undermine democratic discourse.

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Contemporary Debates in Democratic Theory

What is Thomas Piketty's key concept regarding economic inequality?

Rising inequality corrodes political equality, turning democracies into plutocracies.

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