What is systematic desensitization?
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A behavior therapy technique developed by Joseph Wolpe.
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What is systematic desensitization?
A behavior therapy technique developed by Joseph Wolpe.
What are some techniques used in psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Free association, dream analysis, and analysis of transference.
What is the DSM-5-TR?
The first published revision to DSM-5.
What realization about influences on psychological disorders emerged in the 1990s?
No one influence — biological, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or social — ever occurs in isolation.
Who are psychiatric nurses?
Mental health professionals who provide care and support to patients with psychiatric disorders.
What does the term 'etiology' refer to in the context of psychopathology?
Etiology refers to the study of what contributes to the development of psychopathology.
What are men with Reverse Anorexia Nervosa prone to using?
Anabolic-androgenic steroids to bulk up.
What were the two crucial developments in the 1990s in the field of psychopathology?
The increasing sophistication of scientific tools and methodology, and the realization that no one influence occurs in isolation.
What is the overall understanding of mental illness according to the Biological Tradition?
Mental illness is understood to have physical roots.
What are the main focuses of treatment development in psychopathology?
The main focuses are how to help alleviate psychological suffering, including pharmacological, psychosocial, and combined treatments.
How do mental health professionals tend to look at psychological disorders?
Narrowly, from their own theoretical orientation.
How did Watson define psychology?
As a purely objective experimental branch of natural science with goals of prediction and control of behavior.
What does a Ph.D. in clinical and counseling psychology focus on?
Research and delivering treatment.
Who is known for developing behavior therapy?
Joseph Wolpe.
What was the focus of the mental hygiene movement?
Providing care to everyone who needed it, which caused a large influx of patients.
What are the psychosexual stages of development in Psychoanalytic Theory?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
What is the role of a licensed clinical social worker in mental health?
Trained in delivering treatment.
What is the title of the book by Barlow & Durand?
Psychopathology: An Integrative Approach, 9th Edition.
What is the role of a scientist-practitioner as a consumer of science?
Enhancing the practice.
What is the main topic of Figure 01.01 in the book?
What Is a Psychological Disorder?
What are neuroleptics now called?
Antipsychotics.
What is the multi-axial system introduced in the DSM-IV?
A system that includes multiple axes for different types of information.
What intense fear is associated with anorexia nervosa in both DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5?
Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight.
What aided the DSM-III in constructing and validating diagnostic criteria?
Extensive work on developing psychiatric interviews for research and clinical uses.
How has the description for childhood and adolescent presentation improved in diagnosis?
There is now a better description for childhood and adolescent presentation.
What is the main focus of ego psychology according to Anna Freud?
The defensive reactions of the ego determine behavior.
What disorder is characterized by a range of symptoms affecting social interaction, communication, and behavior?
Autism spectrum disorder.
Who developed the structure of the mind depicted in Figure 01.04?
Sigmund Freud.
What was often not applied to the theories and treatments within a tradition?
Scientific methods.
What are defense mechanisms according to Psychoanalytic Theory?
They are the ego’s attempt to manage anxiety resulting from id/superego conflict.
What is a Psy.D.?
A Doctor of Psychology trained in delivering treatment.
What is the highest level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Self-actualization
What does psychodynamic psychotherapy focus on regarding emotions?
Affect and the expression of emotions.
What does the DSM-5 supplement for more explicit criteria to define mental disorders?
The ICD (International Classification of Diseases).
What was one of the key coordination efforts made in the DSM-IV?
Increased congruence with ICD-10.
What does psychodynamic psychotherapy explore in addition to emotions and experiences?
Wishes, dreams, or fantasies.
What does Axis III in the DSM-IV represent?
Medical conditions.
What does Axis V in the DSM-IV represent?
General assessment of functioning.
What is a common criterion in both DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 regarding the perception of body weight or shape in anorexia nervosa?
Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
What was the primary purpose of the early psychiatric classification system?
Primarily for diagnosing inpatients with severe psychiatric and neurological disorders.
What criteria must impairment meet to be considered significant?
It must be pervasive and/or significant.
What concept did Carl Jung introduce?
The collective unconscious.
What are some criticisms of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
It is very time-consuming, costly, and there is controversial evidence of its effectiveness.
What should you reflect on regarding the definition of 'abnormality' by psychologists?
Whether the definition is useful and if it captures what you think abnormality is.
What new disorder was added in the DSM-5-TR?
Prolonged grief disorder.
What does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs begin with?
Our most basic physical needs
What are the three dominant traditions that have existed to explain abnormal behavior?
The three dominant traditions are Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological.
What did Hippocrates link abnormality with?
Brain chemical imbalances
What limitations does the DSM-5 address?
The limitations of DSM-IV.
What type of experiences does psychodynamic psychotherapy focus on?
Interpersonal experiences.
What does Axis IV in the DSM-IV represent?
Psychosocial and environmental factors.
What treatments were suggested for 'insanity' according to the competing view to the Supernatural Tradition?
Rest, sleep, a healthy environment, baths, and potions.
What is the difference between acute and insidious onset of disorders?
Acute onset is sudden, while insidious onset is gradual.
How should 'normalcy' be considered in the context of cultural behavior?
Relative to the behavior of others in the same cultural context.
How does PTSD differ from other anxiety disorders in terms of cause?
PTSD is caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.
Who is associated with the rise of behaviorism?
John B. Watson.
What should you consider in self-reflection about psychopathology?
Your own beliefs about psychopathology and its causes and treatments.
What are the three major categories that make up the study of psychological disorders?
Clinical description, causation (etiology), and treatment and outcome.
What is the primary role of an M.D. in the field of mental health?
Psychiatrist.
What view was bolstered by later biological advances in psychopathology?
The view that mental illness equals physical illness.
What are the three roles of a scientist-practitioner according to Barlow & Durand?
Consumer of science, Evaluator of science, and Creator of science.
What percentage of anorexia-related deaths are suicides?
20% to 30%.
When did medication for psychological disorders become increasingly available?
Starting in the mid-20th century.
What relationship is emphasized in psychodynamic psychotherapy?
The therapeutic relationship.
What are some internet groups related to eating disorders?
“pro-ana” (anorexia), “pro-mia” (bulimia), “anorexiarecovery”.
How does the DSM-5 address psychotic disorders in different cultures?
By considering differences between Western and non-Western countries.
What were some believed causes of deviant behavior in the Supernatural Tradition?
Possession and witchcraft.
What change did the DSM-III make regarding ego-dystonic homosexuality?
It was removed and subsumed under sexual disorder not otherwise specified.
What contextual factors are now considered in the diagnosis of psychological disorders?
Age, sex, and developmental trajectory, rather than absolute cutoffs.
When is distress considered normal?
In some situations.
What did Carl Jung emphasize instead of sexual drives?
Spiritual and religious drives.
What paradigm shift does the DSM-5 introduce regarding insomnia disorder?
Insomnia disorder is no longer categorized as primary or secondary.
What is the title of the book by Barlow & Durand?
Psychopathology: An Integrative Approach, 9th Edition.
What types of treatments are included in the development of psychopathology treatments?
Pharmacological, psychosocial, and combined treatments.
What updates were made in the DSM-5-TR based on literature since the publication of DSM-5 (2013)?
Updated descriptive text including prevalence, risk and prognostic factors, culture-related diagnostic issues, sex- and gender-related diagnostic issues, and association with suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
What does the clinical description category focus on in the study of psychological disorders?
It focuses on describing the symptoms and behaviors associated with psychological disorders.
What improvements were made in the field of psychopathology due to the Biological Tradition?
Improved diagnosis and classification.
Who was John P. Grey?
A psychiatrist who believed mental illness had physical roots.
What percentage of individuals with eating disorders die within 10 years?
More than 5%.
How many professionals were involved in the development of the DSM-IV?
Over 1000 professionals.
What are the strongest contributions to the etiology of eating disorders?
Sociocultural factors.
What new criteria were included in the DSM-IV for diagnosing disorders?
Clinical-significant distress and significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
How were mental disorders represented in the first DSM?
As reactions of the personality to psychological, social, and biological factors.
What was a key feature of the DSM-III compared to ICD-9?
Explicit diagnostic criteria.
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
What are the symptom patterns that differentiate OCD and body dysmorphic disorder from anxiety disorders?
OCD and body dysmorphic disorder involve repetitive behaviors and preoccupations with specific thoughts or body image, whereas anxiety disorders primarily involve excessive worry and fear.
What is the primary goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
To reveal the nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts through catharsis and insight.
What is moral therapy?
A treatment approach that involved treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction.
What is psychopathology?
The scientific study of psychological dysfunction.
What was one consequence of the Biological Tradition in terms of patient care?
Increased hospitalization.
Who is considered the father of classification in psychopathology?
Emil Kraepelin.
What percentage of individuals with eating disorders die as a result of their disorder?
Up to 20%.
Who are the authors of 'Psychopathology: An Integrative Approach'?
Barlow & Durand.
What years did Hippocrates live?
460 - 377 BC
What is operant conditioning?
Learning in which behavior changes as a function of what follows the behavior (reinforcement).
What is a key criterion for diagnosing anorexia nervosa according to DSM-IV-TR?
Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height.
What was the purpose of the DSM-III-R (1987)?
To address inconsistencies in the diagnostic system and criteria.
What additional factors may be described in a clinical description?
Prevalence and incidence of disorders, onset of disorders, course of disorders, and prognosis.
How do individuals with anorexia typically feel about their weight and weight loss plan?
They are never satisfied with their weight and weight loss plan.
What was Alfred Adler's focus in psychoanalytic thought?
Feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority.
What term describes a condition where an individual's gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth?
Gender dysphoria.
What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov?
Learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response.
What are the risks associated with taking anabolic-androgenic steroids for men with Reverse Anorexia Nervosa?
Medical and psychological consequences.
What question should you ask yourself about the causes of psychopathology?
What do you think causes psychopathology?
What does the causation (etiology) category examine in the study of psychological disorders?
It examines the causes and origins of psychological disorders.
Who is considered the father of modern Western medicine?
Hippocrates
What was the concept of 'hysteria' according to Hippocrates?
Psychological symptoms were a result of the uterus moving around in the body
What impact did John P. Grey have on hospitals?
He led to reforms of hospitals to give psychiatric patients better care.
How much higher is the risk of death from suicide in individuals with anorexia compared to the general population?
50 times higher.
How many experts contributed to the DSM-5 and from how many countries?
400 experts from 13 countries.
What cultural implications does the DSM-5 consider?
Cultural implications on assessment and pathology.
What does Axis II in the DSM-IV represent?
Personality disorders and intellectual disabilities.
How does DSM-5 define significantly low body weight in the context of anorexia nervosa?
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, physical health, and developmental trajectory.
What societal trend is questioned in the need for improvement in diagnosis?
Whether weight loss/thin ideal is always the societal trend.
What are the possible courses of disorders?
Episodic, time-limited, or chronic.
What is the accepted definition of psychological disorders?
Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and/or impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.
What perspective considers the changes and continuities in behavior from infancy to adulthood?
Child - adult developmental perspective.
What concept does the DSM-5 introduce to describe the range from normal behavior to pathological behavior?
The concept of a continuum from normal to pathological.
What is Reverse Anorexia Nervosa?
A condition where men are extremely concerned about looking small, even though they are muscular.
Why did the use of moral therapy decline?
Due to the size and composition of the institutionalized population, and the belief that large numbers of immigrants did not 'deserve' moral therapy.
What should you consider about the treatment of psychopathology?
What you think the best approaches to treatment are.
How was mental illness often perceived due to the Biological Tradition?
As an 'untreatable' condition.
How did Hippocrates understand mental disorders?
As physical diseases
What does psychodynamic psychotherapy explore to understand therapy progress?
Attempts to avoid topics or engage in activities that hinder the progress of therapy.
What does the Psychological tradition attribute abnormal behavior to?
The Psychological tradition attributes abnormal behavior to psychological causes.
Who is associated with operant conditioning in the Cognitive-Behavioral Model?
B. F. Skinner
For what conditions are minor tranquilizers prescribed?
Anxiety and related disorders.
How does the DSM-5 address anxiety in Japanese and Korean cultures?
By considering the cultural adaptation of fear of embarrassment/humiliation.
What additional criterion is included for postmenarcheal females in DSM-IV-TR for anorexia nervosa?
Amenorrhoea, i.e., the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.
Why was a classification system needed in the context of mental health?
To collect statistical information and provide uniform health statistics across mental hospitals.
What is questioned about the differentiation of anorexia from other eating disorders?
Whether anorexia is a phase/episode rather than a discrete/different mental disorder.
Which mental disorders have a genetic component according to the DSM-5?
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorders.
What is the role of the Work Group on Ethnoracial Equity and Inclusion in DSM-5-TR?
To ensure non-stigmatizing language and appropriate attention to risk factors such as the experience of racism and discrimination.
What is the main idea behind the psychosexual stages of development?
Conflicts arise at each stage and must be resolved.
How have the perceived causes and treatment of abnormal behavior varied?
The perceived causes and treatment of abnormal behavior have varied widely depending on context.
What does the Supernatural tradition attribute abnormal behavior to?
The Supernatural tradition attributes abnormal behavior to supernatural causes.
What patterns does psychodynamic psychotherapy aim to identify?
Patterns in actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and relationships.
What is the role of a scientist-practitioner as a creator of science?
Conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice.
Which two psychologists influenced B. F. Skinner's work on operant conditioning?
Watson and Thorndike (law of effect).
How has the behavioral model contributed to the field of psychopathology?
It has greatly contributed to the understanding and treatment of psychopathology.
How was deviant behavior viewed in the Supernatural Tradition?
As a battle of 'Good' vs. 'Evil'.
What was the competing view to the Supernatural Tradition regarding the cause of 'insanity'?
'Insanity' was believed to be caused by emotional stress, not supernatural forces.
What are some examples of symptoms in clinical descriptions?
Chronic worry and panic attacks.
What is the aim of a clinical description?
To distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience.
What characterizes the binge-eating-purging type of anorexia?
Engaging in purging behaviors such as vomiting.
What does prognosis refer to in clinical descriptions?
The likely outcome of the disorder, such as good or guarded.
What are some cons of diagnosis in mental health?
Stigma, prejudice, and stereotype; heterogeneity in mental disorders; diagnosis might not always indicate psychological formulation of the presenting problems; many diagnosed mental disorders do not have a research-supported treatment; sick role.
What are some examples of defense mechanisms?
Displacement, denial, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, repression, and sublimation.
Who proposed the Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow
From which approach is psychodynamic psychotherapy derived?
Psychoanalytic approach.
For whom is humanistic therapy most useful?
Individuals without psychological disorders who are dealing with stresses of life
What does a scientist-practitioner do as an evaluator of science?
Determining the effectiveness of the practice.
What was the primary goal of the comprehensive reviews conducted for the DSM-IV?
To establish a firm empirical basis.
How did Hippocrates' views foreshadow modern perspectives?
By linking mental disorders to physical causes and brain chemical imbalances
What does Axis I in the DSM-IV represent?
Clinical disorders.
What was the predominant approach in psychiatry during the time of DSM and DSM-II?
Predominantly psychodynamic psychiatry.
What persistent behavior is noted in DSM-5 that interferes with weight gain in anorexia nervosa?
Persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight.
What is a core feature of anorexia?
An intense fear of obesity and a relentless pursuit of thinness.
What was the goal of developing a nationally acceptable psychiatric classification?
To ensure uniform health statistics across mental hospitals.
What mental health condition is characterized by experiencing severe anxiety after a traumatic event?
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder).
What is the focus of the treatment and outcome category in the study of psychological disorders?
It focuses on the methods of treatment and the results or outcomes of these treatments.
Who is known for emphasizing unconditional positive regard in therapy?
Carl Rogers
What tradition did John P. Grey champion in the U.S.?
The biological tradition.
Who extended Hippocrates' work?
Galen
What type of evidence does the DSM-5 incorporate?
The latest scientific and clinical evidence on the empirical basis of psychiatric disorders.
What percentage of severe eating disorder cases are young females?
More than 90%.
What type of environment is associated with eating disorders?
A socially competitive environment.
What was the purpose of the first DSM published in 1952?
It provided a glossary of descriptions of diagnostic categories.
What biases does the DSM-5 consider in its criteria?
Possible evidence of race, ethnicity, or gender bias.
What is one improvement in the diagnosis of psychological disorders regarding gender specificity?
Less female-specific considerations, such as the menstrual cycle.
What were the initial categories of mental health in the early classification system?
Mania, melancholia, monomania, paresis, dementia, dipsomania, epilepsy.
What are the two subtypes of anorexia?
Restricting type and binge-eating-purging type.
Have major psychological disorders existed across time and cultures?
Yes, major psychological disorders have existed across time and cultures.
What are the key components of Carl Rogers' humanistic therapy?
Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and an innate tendency towards growth
What does the Biological tradition attribute abnormal behavior to?
The Biological tradition attributes abnormal behavior to biological causes.
What type of experiences does psychodynamic psychotherapy emphasize?
Past experiences.
What years did Galen live?
129 - 198 AD
Which fields of expertise were involved in the development of DSM-5?
Psychiatry, psychology, neurology, pediatrics, primary care, epidemiology, and research methodology.
What was coordinated with the development of ICD-9?
The DSM-III (1980).
How does DSM-IV-TR describe the disturbance in body weight or shape experience in anorexia nervosa?
Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
What treatments were used for deviant behavior in the Supernatural Tradition?
Torture and religious rituals.
What are some pros of diagnosis in mental health?
Insurance reimbursement, resource allocation, communication, research development, self-understanding, and support groups.
What increased role did the Biological Tradition bring to the field of psychopathology?
An increased role of science.
What year was the 9th edition of 'Psychopathology: An Integrative Approach' published?
What are some early biological treatments for psychopathology?
Insulin shock therapy, electric shock, and crude surgery.
What significant change did the US Army make regarding mental health problems?
The US Army decided to incorporate outpatient presentations of mental health problems.
What is a limitation of the behavioral model in understanding psychopathology?
It is incomplete and inadequate to account for what we now know about psychopathology.
What major change was made in the DSM-II compared to the first DSM?
The term 'reaction' was eliminated.
What type of diagnostic assessment system did the DSM-III introduce?
A multiaxial diagnostic assessment system.
What is the first step in a clinical description?
It begins with the presenting problem.
What characterizes the restricting type of anorexia?
Restricting diet to limit calorie intake.
What characterizes dysfunctional distress?
When a person is much more distressed than others would be in the same situation.
What is the basis for the revised categorization of mental disorders in the DSM-5?
Research findings.
