The left and right lungs differ in their sizes and structures, specifically in the number of lobes and fissures.
Lymph nodes.
They carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange.
The vagus nerve passes posterior to the roots of the lungs.
The impressions or grooves on the mediastinal surface of the right lung are created by the superior vena cava (SVC), azygos vein, and esophagus.
The midaxillary line is important for identifying the lateral aspects of the lungs.
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, while pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
The peribronchial network follows the bronchial tree and drains the bronchi and most of the lungs.
Each lung consists of 10 bronchopulmonary segments.
The contents include blood vessels (pulmonary arteries and veins), bronchi, lymphatics, lymph nodes, and nerves entering and leaving the lung.
The central part is flattened for the heart/pericardium.
The right bronchus is larger in diameter.
The left bronchus enters the lung root at a lower level (T6).
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity, hemothorax is the accumulation of blood, and hydrothorax is the accumulation of fluid.
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Hydrothorax and Hemothorax.
It allows for the surgical removal of a segment, such as in lung cancer patients.
The peripheral muscular part and the central tendon (aponeurosis).
The right bronchus is more straight or vertical.
Pulmonary blood vessels go along the bronchial tree.
The lingula is located in the upper lobe of the left lung.
The apex is the top part, and the base (or diaphragmatic surface) is the bottom part of the left lung.
Enlarged lymph nodes may compress surrounding structures, including the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, potentially causing partial loss of voice.
Inflammation of the pleura.
Each segment is supplied independently by a segmental artery.
The vagus nerve (X) provides parasympathetic innervation to thoracic viscera.
The right bronchus is larger in diameter.
Secondary bronchi branch into lobar bronchi that serve the lobes of the lungs.
The left lung has two surfaces: costal and medial (mediastinal) surfaces.
Lymphatic drainage in the thorax and lungs is facilitated by lymphatic vessels that transport lymph to the thoracic duct, which empties into the venous system.
The structural features of the lungs include the apex (cupula), base, root or hilum, two surfaces (costal and mediastinal), three borders (anterior, inferior, and posterior), and fissures (horizontal and oblique).
A recess located between the costal pleura and the mediastinal pleura.
Excessive production of tissue fluid, leading to pleural effusion.
The arrangement is as follows: superior - pulmonary arteries; intermediate - bronchi; inferior - pulmonary veins.
The right lung has three lobes: upper, middle, and lower.
The horizontal fissure is located at the midclavicular line.
The aorta and esophagus create impressions on the mediastinal surface.
They meet at the root (hilum) of the lung.
Pleural recesses are potential spaces in the pleural cavities that can accumulate air, fluids, and blood in cases of pneumothorax, hydrothorax, and hemothorax.
The pleural cavities are larger than the lungs, which results in the formation of pleural recesses.
The pulmonary hilum is located at the T5-7 vertebral levels.
The right bronchus is shorter.
Tertiary bronchi are also known as segmental bronchi, which lead into bronchopulmonary segments.
The left lung has an oblique fissure.
Air escapes continuously into the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse and compressing structures in the mediastinum, particularly the heart and great vessels.
Bronchial arteries supply blood to pulmonary tissues, specifically the bronchial walls and glands.
Descending aorta, thoracic duct, splanchnic nerves (from sympathetic trunk), and azygos vein (T12/L1).
Fluids, often due to infections, tuberculosis, or cancers.
The two fissures in the right lung are the horizontal and oblique fissures.
The oblique fissure can be identified along the scapular line.
The left lung has three borders: anterior, posterior, and inferior.
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes filter lymph from the lungs and airways and are involved in immune responses.
Abdominal & lower limb lymphatic → cisterna chyli → thoracic duct → left subclavian vein.
Symptoms include difficulty of breath (dyspnea), chest pain, coughing, hypotension, and cyanosis/hypoxia.
The blood supplied by bronchial arteries is for nutritional purposes, not for gaseous exchange.
Conditions such as pneumothorax, hydrothorax, and hemothorax can lead to the accumulation of air, fluids, and blood in pleural recesses.
The trachea branches into the right and left bronchi at the level of T4 (sternal angle).
Foreign bodies dropped into the trachea are more likely to go to the right bronchus.
The left lung has 2 lobes: upper and lower.
Right side of upper limb, thorax, head & neck lymphatic → right lymphatic duct → right subclavian vein.
It allows the passage of the esophagus and vagus nerve (T10).
The phrenic nerve passes anterior to the roots of the lungs.
They follow the pattern: pulmonary arteries → lobar arteries → segmental arteries.
The right bronchus is shorter.
Foreign bodies dropped into the trachea are more likely to go to the right bronchus due to its anatomical orientation.
Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses.
Lymph drains to tracheobronchial lymph nodes, then to paratracheal nodes, bronchomediastinal trunks, and finally to the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.
The phrenic nerve (motor and sensory; C3-5).
They carry oxygenated blood back to the heart for systemic circulation.
The trachea branches into the right and left bronchi at the level of T4 (sternal angle).
The right bronchus enters the lung root at a higher level (T5).
The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertically oriented than the left bronchus, which is longer and more horizontal.
The hilum is the root of the lung.
Bronchopulmonary segments are subdivisions of the lobes of the lungs, with each lung consisting of 10 segments.
The lymphatic drainage from the lungs ultimately reaches the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins.
In the pleural recesses.
Rupture of lungs or alveoli, or trauma to the chest wall.
Trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → alveolar sacs.
There are terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.
The cardiac notch is related to the heart.
The diaphragm has three main openings: the aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, and foramen for the inferior vena cava.
The two layers are the visceral and parietal pleurae.
Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve (T8/9)
The phrenic nerve (C3-5) innervates the diaphragm, providing both motor and sensory functions.
The diaphragm has two domes (cupolas); the right dome is higher than the left dome.
Collapse of the lungs.
The primary bronchi lead into the left and right lungs.
The roots of the lungs include the bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and nerves.
Bronchial arteries are derived from the thoracic (descending) aorta.
The pulmonary hilum is the area where the parietal and visceral pleurae meet, also known as the pulmonary ligament.
Chest trauma or rupture of blood vessels.
The right lung has an apex, base (or diaphragmatic surface), hilum (root of lung), two surfaces (costal & medial), three borders (anterior, posterior & inferior), three lobes (upper, middle & lower), two fissures (horizontal & oblique), and impressions or grooves in the mediastinal surface (SVC, azygos vein, esophagus).
The right bronchus enters the lung root at a higher level (T5).
The apex of the lung is located above the first rib, extending into the root of the neck.
The pleural cavities are the spaces between the pleura surrounding each lung, while pleural recesses are potential spaces where the pleura can fold and allow for lung expansion.
The bronchial tree is a branching system of airways that conducts air from the trachea to the lungs, including primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.
