What is the second part of the duodenum?
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Descending part.
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What is the second part of the duodenum?
Descending part.
What increases the surface area for nutrient absorption in the intestinal villus?
The presence of microvilli at the apex of columnar epithelial cells.
What structures are involved in the microanatomy of an intestinal villus?
Goblet cells, lacteals, capillary networks, arterioles, and venules.
What does the pylorus lead to?
The duodenum.
What type of organs are the jejunum and ileum classified as?
Intraperitoneal organs.
What are the three main divisions of the embryonic gastrointestinal tract?
Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut.
What is the magnification level mentioned for the microanatomy of the intestinal villus?
LM × 250.
Where does the esophagus begin?
At the neck at C6.
What is the function of the esophagus?
To transport food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Where is the lamina propria located in the stomach?
Just deep to the surface epithelium.
What is peristalsis?
An involuntary process that moves food through the esophagus.
What type of digestion does saliva assist with?
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
What is the visceral peritoneum?
The serous membrane that covers the stomach and other abdominal organs.
What is the function of the epithelial lining of the esophagus?
Protection, absorption, and secretion.
What are the main veins involved in the venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract?
The superior mesenteric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein, which drain into the portal vein.
What are the four parts of the stomach?
Cardia, Fundus, Body, and Pyloric part.
What is the first part of the duodenum called?
Superior part.
How is the lumen of the small intestine described?
It is small.
What is the role of the portal vein in nutrient absorption?
It transports absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver.
What type of vessels are present in the stomach's microanatomy?
Arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
What are the three embryonic layers involved in GI tract development?
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm.
What is the Greater Omentum?
An apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine and transverse colon; a site of fat deposition in overweight individuals.
What are liver sinusoids?
A type of capillary known as a sinusoidal capillary, allowing mixing of oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein.
What are the main sections of the large intestine?
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
What does the liver produce that is crucial for blood clotting?
Clotting factors.
What is the function of goblet cells in the intestinal villus?
They secrete mucus.
What do sympathetic fibers stimulate in the salivary glands?
The secretion of thicker, mucous-rich saliva.
What major vessels are associated with the porta hepatis?
Hepatic artery (proper), portal vein, and common bile duct.
At what week of gestation does the embryonic development of the GI tract begin?
6th week of gestation.
What is the hyoid bone known for?
It is the only 'floating' bone in the body.
How do the circular folds of the ileum compare to those of the jejunum?
The ileum has fewer circular folds than the jejunum.
How does the spleen contribute to the immune response?
By fighting invading germs in the blood.
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
To absorb water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter.
What is the function of the Lesser Omentum?
Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver and provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver.
What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
They are white blood cells that help in the immune response within the liver.
What are villi?
Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the luminal surface in the small intestine.
Where is the gallbladder located?
At the visceral surface of the liver.
What is the primary function of the anus?
To serve as the exit point for waste from the GI tract.
What are the four main layers of the stomach?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
What is the lamina propria?
A layer of connective tissue located just deep to the surface epithelium of the stomach.
What is stimulated by parasympathetic fibers in the salivary glands?
The secretion of watery, enzyme-rich saliva.
What is a distinguishing feature of the jejunum?
It has a lot of circular folds.
What are the components of a portal triad in the liver?
Microscopic branch of the hepatic artery, microscopic branch of the portal vein, and bile ductule.
What is the esophageal hiatus?
The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.
What forms the roof of the oral cavity?
The palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones.
Can one survive without the spleen?
Yes, one can survive without it.
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To complete digestive processes and absorb nutrients.
What is one of the main functions of saliva?
To moisten food.
What type of muscle is found in the esophagus?
Skeletal muscle (voluntary control) and smooth muscle (involuntary control).
How many parts does the small intestine consist of?
Three parts.
What is the starting vertebral level of the esophagus?
C6.
What is one of the primary functions of the liver related to fat?
Produces bile, which emulsifies fat.
On which day after fertilization does the embryonic development of the GI tract begin?
Day 7 after fertilization.
What are the three main parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
What type of tissue is found in the esophagus that contains vessels and nerves?
Dense connective tissue.
What is the role of the lymphatic system in the gastrointestinal tract?
To transport absorbed fats and immune cells.
What is the central vein in a liver lobule?
The vein that collects blood from the liver sinusoids and drains into the hepatic vein.
What layers should students be able to identify in the digestive tract?
The layers of the wall of the digestive tract.
What is the significance of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in relation to the liver?
It receives blood from the hepatic veins.
What is the significance of the liver in relation to the GI tract?
It processes everything absorbed from the GI tract.
What is the function of the blood vessels and nerves within the peritoneal folds?
They innervate the organs and supply adjacent organs.
What is the focus of Module II in the Human Anatomy series?
Regional anatomy of the Abdomen & Pelvis, Organs of the Digestive system, and Organs of the Urogenital system.
What type of tissue makes up the tonsils?
Lymphoid tissues (lymphocytes).
What type of organ is the spleen?
A secondary lymphoid organ.
What is the primary function of the tonsils?
To defend against microbial infections.
What is the function of the pancreatic duct?
It transports pancreatic juice towards the duodenum.
What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium.
What is the surface of the spleen that is in contact with the diaphragm called?
Diaphragmatic surface.
What are the main anatomical parts of the pancreas?
Head, neck, body, and tail.
What is the primary artery that supplies the foregut derivatives?
Celiac trunk.
What is the role of the hepatic veins?
To drain blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava (IVC).
What are some examples of retroperitoneal structures?
Suprarenal glands, aorta/IVC, second to fourth parts of duodenum, head, neck, and body of pancreas, ureters, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, esophagus, rectum.
Where are the largest villi found in the small intestine?
In the duodenum.
Where is the pancreas located in relation to the peritoneum?
It is a retroperitoneal organ.
Which artery supplies the esophagus in the thorax?
The descending aorta, through a series of esophageal branches.
What is the primary function of the Hepatic Portal System?
To drain blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
What are the greater and lesser sacs?
The greater sac is the main part of the peritoneal cavity, while the lesser sac is a smaller space behind the stomach.
What process follows ingestion in the digestive system?
Digestion.
What are epiploic appendages?
Small outpouchings of fat-filled serosa-covered structures on the colon.
What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on sphincter tone?
It decreases sphincter tone.
How does the liver store and release glucose?
It stores glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis) and releases it into the blood (glycogenolysis).
What type of cells are primarily found in the intestinal villus?
Columnar epithelial cells.
At what vertebral level does the rectum begin?
At the vertebral level of S2.
What is the primary function of the spleen?
It is an important immune organ.
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile.
What is the anus?
The exit of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
What types of tissue make up the roof of the oral cavity?
Muscle and connective tissue.
What are the main lobes of the liver?
Caudate lobe and Quadrate lobe.
What is the approximate length of the small intestine?
About 7 meters long.
What is the function of the porta hepatis?
It is a transverse fissure where major vessels and ducts enter or leave the liver.
What is the function of the gastric mucosa?
It contains gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acids.
What nutrients are primarily absorbed in the small intestine?
Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
What does the lamina propria contain?
Blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue, and surrounds the gastric glands.
What are the two main ducts that form the common bile duct?
Right and Left hepatic ducts.
What are rugae?
Folds in the gastric mucosa that allow for expansion of the stomach.
Which arteries are involved in the anastomosis related to the stomach?
Right and Left gastroepiploic arteries.
What type of fatty acids are absorbed in the small intestine?
Both small short-chain and large short-chain fatty acids.
What structure tethers the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesentery.
What is a common clinical issue associated with the common bile duct?
Gallstones formation.
What is the significance of the line of demarcation in the liver?
It separates the lateral segment from the posterior segment.
What is the role of the myenteric plexus?
It regulates gastrointestinal motility.
What is the third part of the duodenum?
Horizontal part.
What does saliva help form?
A bolus.
What is the inferior surface of the liver known for?
It contains the porta hepatis and major vessels.
What does the hepatobiliary flow refer to?
The flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the duodenum.
What type of leukocytes does the spleen produce?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).
Which organ processes the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine?
The liver.
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in the GI tract?
To transport lymph, which contains immune cells and helps in fat absorption.
What is one of the primary functions of the spleen?
Stores and filters blood, removing old or damaged RBCs.
By what month is the embryonic GI tract fully developed?
By 8 months.
In which anatomical section is the hyoid bone located?
In the mid-sagittal section of the head and neck.
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To digest food and absorb nutrients.
What role does the liver play in cholesterol?
Cholesterol metabolism.
Which vein carries blood from the spleen to the portal vein?
The splenic vein.
What role does the duodenum play in digestion?
It is the first part of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs.
What are some examples of intraperitoneal structures?
Stomach, appendix, liver, transverse colon, first part of duodenum, small intestines (jejunum and ileum), tail of pancreas, upper third of rectum, spleen, sigmoid colon.
What is the approximate length of the large intestine?
About 1.5 meters long.
What is the Mesentery?
A vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae that anchors all of the small intestine except the initial portion (the duodenum).
What is one of the detoxification functions of the liver?
Detoxification of blood.
Which cervical vertebra is associated with the laryngopharynx?
C4 cervical vertebra.
What are taeniae coli?
Thickening of the three longitudinal layers of muscularis external in the large intestine.
What is the origin in the CNS for the parasympathetic division?
Craniosacral (Vagus nerve (X), S2 - S4).
What should students name and describe regarding the mesentery?
The regions of the mesentery and their relationship to the digestive system.
What is the function of absorption in the digestive system?
To take nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.
What is the function of chief cells in the gastric glands?
They secrete pepsinogen for the digestion of proteins.
What is the major artery supplying the small intestine and part of the large intestine?
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
What is the digestive tract also known as?
Alimentary canal.
What is the effect of the sympathetic system?
Often widespread.
What is the role of regenerative (stem) cells in the gastric glands?
Related to the repair processes.
What are the regions of the mesentery?
Mesentery proper, mesocolon, and omentum.
What is the fourth part of the duodenum?
Ascending part.
What role do lymphatic vessels play in the GI tract?
They collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
What classification system is used to explain the nomenclature of hepatic segments?
Couinaud’s classification.
What are the major functions of the digestive system?
Identify the functions and major processes of the digestive system.
What is absorbed by the lymphatic system in the intestines?
Fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
What does the Falciform Ligament do?
Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the inferior border of the diaphragm.
What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on peristalsis in the GI tract?
It decreases peristalsis.
How does the small intestine increase nutrient absorption?
Through its large surface area created by villi and microvilli.
What structures are supplied by the embryonic foregut?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and proximal part of the duodenum.
What is the primary function of the stomach?
To digest food and mix it with gastric juices.
What is the significance of the cecum in the large intestine?
It is the beginning of the large intestine and connects to the ileum of the small intestine.
Which artery supplies the stomach?
Left gastric artery.
What is the role of the falciform ligament?
It is a peritoneal fold that helps attach the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.
What is bile, and where is it produced?
Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps emulsify fats.
Where are the ganglia located in the sympathetic division?
Paravertebral ganglia adjacent to the spinal column and prevertebral ganglia anterior to it.
What is bilirubin and how is it processed by the liver?
Bilirubin is a metabolic byproduct of hemoglobin, excreted into bile by the liver.
What is compaction in the context of the digestive system?
The process of consolidating waste material.
What happens to pepsinogen at low pH?
It is converted into pepsin, which aids in digesting proteins into amino acids.
What do parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor for absorption of Vitamin B12.
How does the stomach protect itself from its acidic environment?
By secreting a thick layer of mucus.
How does the liver defend against foreign particles?
Through the action of Kupffer cells.
What is the effect of the parasympathetic system?
More local and specific.
What is the opening called where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm?
Esophageal hiatus.
What is the primary blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract?
The celiac trunk and the mesenteric arteries.
How does the lymphatic system contribute to immune function in the GI tract?
It helps in the transport of immune cells to fight infections.
What does SMV stand for in the context of the hepato-portal venous system?
Superior mesenteric vein.
What are Auerbach's plexus and Meissner’s plexuses associated with?
GI intramural ganglia.
What is the length of the pancreas?
Approximately 15 cm long.
What type of lining covers the esophagus and is part of the visceral peritoneum?
Mesothelial lining.
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The space within the abdomen that contains the intraperitoneal organs.
Where does the duodenum begin?
At the pyloric sphincter.
What are the primary metabolic functions of hepatocytes?
They carry out the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
What artery supplies the stomach?
Left gastric artery.
What is the significance of the greater omentum?
It is a large peritoneal fold that hangs from the stomach and helps protect abdominal organs.
How many parts does the duodenum have?
4 parts.
Where are the ganglia located in the parasympathetic division?
Terminal ganglia near or within target organs.
What are the organs of the digestive system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
What are the main anatomical regions of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
What is the function of gastric rugae?
They allow the stomach to expand and increase surface area for digestion.
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
What is the function of the anal canal?
To regulate the expulsion of feces.
What type of cells are found in the pancreatic acini?
Exocrine cells.
What is the primary function of the hepato-portal venous system?
To transport blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for first-pass metabolism.
What is the function of goblet cells in the large intestine?
They secrete mucus into the lumen of the gut.
What protein is produced by the liver that is essential for maintaining blood volume?
Albumin.
What is the primary function of the liver?
To process nutrients from the digestive system and detoxify harmful substances.
What is the role of the submucosa in the large intestine?
It provides support and contains blood vessels and nerves.
How does sympathetic innervation affect secretions in the GI tract?
It decreases secretions.
What is the primary artery supplying the GI tract?
Celiac trunk.
What effect does sympathetic innervation have on sphincter tone?
It increases sphincter tone.
Which artery branches from the celiac trunk and supplies the liver?
Common hepatic artery.
What are haustra?
Small pouches that give the large intestine its segmented appearance.
What vessels are associated with the pancreas?
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV).
What structures are supplied by the embryonic midgut?
Distal part of the duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine up to the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon.
What is the significance of insulin produced by the pancreas?
Insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
What does the transverse mesocolon connect?
It connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
What is mixed with bile before entering the duodenum?
Pancreatic juice.
Name three pairs of salivary glands.
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
What is a liver lobule?
The functional unit of the liver containing hepatocytes and other cellular components.
What is the anatomical relationship of the esophagus to the thorax and abdomen?
The esophagus descends from the thorax into the abdomen.
What shape is the epiglottis?
It is a small, leaf-shaped sheet of elastic cartilage.
What hormones are released by the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islet?
Insulin and glucagon.
Which cervical vertebra is associated with the nasopharynx?
C1 cervical vertebra.
What role does the large intestine play in the digestive system?
It compacts waste into feces and stores it until elimination.
Which artery branches from the celiac trunk and supplies the liver?
Common hepatic artery.
Which nerves are primarily responsible for the nerve innervation of the gastrointestinal tract?
The vagus nerve and the pelvic splanchnic nerves.
What is the significance of the ileocecal valve?
It regulates the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine.
How do the size of villi change throughout the small intestine?
They become progressively smaller from the duodenum to the jejunum and ileum.
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on peristalsis in the GI tract?
It increases peristalsis.
What role does hydrochloric acid play in the stomach?
It helps to break down food and kill harmful bacteria.
What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?
Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.
What is the gut-brain axis (GBA)?
A complex communication network linking the gut and the brain.
Which vein is associated with the midgut?
Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV).
What is the duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine, where chyme is mixed with digestive juices.
What is the function of the alkaline fluid secreted by Brunner’s glands?
It protects the mucosa from acidic stomach contents.
What are the layers of muscle in the stomach?
Circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer, and longitudinal muscle layer.
What is the role of enteroendocrine cells?
They secrete hormones into the blood that regulate digestion.
What does gastrin do?
Stimulates HCl secretion and intestinal motility.
Which organs are considered accessory organs in digestion?
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
What is chyme?
The mixture of gastric contents and secretions from gastric glands.
What is the function of the pharynx?
It connects the oral cavity to the esophagus and the nasal cavity to the larynx, intersecting the digestive and respiratory tracts.
What type of cells are located in the pancreatic islet?
Endocrine cells.
What are the three main components of a portal triad?
Hepatic artery (proper), portal vein, and common bile duct.
What are the two main functions of the pancreas?
Endocrine and exocrine functions.
Where are hormones released from the pancreas?
Into blood vessels at the pancreatic islet.
What role does the gallbladder play in digestion?
It stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
What is the outermost layer of the large intestine called?
Serosa.
What is the function of the pancreas?
To produce digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.
What is the uncinate process of the pancreas?
A part of the head of the pancreas, often evaluated in ultrasound (USG).
What is a distinguishing feature of the duodenum?
Brunner’s glands.
What do mucous cells in the gastric glands secrete?
Mucus.
Which artery is responsible for supplying the hindgut derivatives?
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
What is the role of lymphatic vessels in the small intestine?
They transport lymph and play a role in immune function.
What role does gut microbiota play?
It contributes to various functions including digestion and immune response.
What are the major structures of the oral cavity?
Teeth, tongue, gums, hard palate, soft palate.
What is the role of the liver in vitamin D metabolism?
The liver activates vitamin D from pre-vitamin D3.
What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
It regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.
How is the digestive tract organized using the esophagus as an example?
It consists of layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
What are the two layers of the muscularis externa in the large intestine?
Circular layer and longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.
What should students be able to list regarding the digestive system?
The regions and accessory organs of the digestive system.
What do peritoneal folds do?
They envelope various abdominal organs, holding them to the dorsal surface of the body wall.
What does IMV stand for?
Inferior mesenteric vein.
What structures are contained within the peritoneal folds?
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
What is the function of the Mesocolon?
Attaches two portions of the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall.
What cycle is associated with the liver's role in nitrogen metabolism?
Urea cycle.
What produces bile in the liver?
Hepatocytes.
How does the liver contribute to metabolism?
It regulates glucose levels, synthesizes proteins, and stores vitamins and minerals.
Which vein drains the upper 1/3 of the rectum?
Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) and its tributaries.
What artery supplies the midgut derivatives?
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
Why is bile important?
It is important for the emulsification of fats.
What is the function of the mesentery proper?
It supports the small intestine and contains blood vessels and nerves.
What do Brunner’s glands secrete?
An alkaline fluid containing mucin.
What role does the liver play in drug and alcohol metabolism?
It performs first-pass metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) and drugs, aiding in detoxification.
What is the final destination of blood from the Hepatic Portal System?
Right atrium of the heart via the inferior vena cava.
What are the tonsils located in the oral cavity and nasopharynx?
Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils.
Which cervical vertebra is associated with the oropharynx?
C2 cervical vertebra.
What are the primary functions of the large intestine?
Absorbs water and salts, absorbs vitamins produced by intestinal bacteria, and compacts and eliminates feces.
What artery supplies the spleen?
Splenic artery.
What is the significance of the enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract?
It regulates gastrointestinal motility and secretion independently of the central nervous system.
What is the first function of the digestive system?
Ingestion.
What are the main components of gastric juice?
Hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor.
What is the role of the gallbladder in bile flow?
It stores bile until needed after a fatty meal.
What is the epiploic foramen?
An opening that connects the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity.
What vein mirrors the arterial branches of the foregut?
Gastric, Gastroomental, and Splenic veins.
Which artery supplies the midgut derivatives?
The superior mesenteric artery.
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
It is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestines.
Which artery supplies the distal part of the large intestine?
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
What are the fiber lengths in the parasympathetic division?
Long preganglionic and short postganglionic.
What regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic sphincter.
What is the function of salivary glands?
To produce saliva, which aids in digestion and oral health.
What does peristaltic movement do in the stomach?
It churns gastric contents and facilitates the physical breakdown of food.
How does the large intestine contribute to gut health?
By housing beneficial bacteria that aid in fermentation and vitamin production.
What is the length of the duodenum?
25 cm (equal to the width of 12 fingers).
What is the enteric plexus?
A network of neurons that controls the gastrointestinal system.
What type of structure is the pharynx?
A muscular funnel.
What artery supplies the foregut derivatives in the abdomen?
The celiac trunk, which branches from the abdominal aorta.
How does parasympathetic innervation affect secretions in the GI tract?
It increases secretions.
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
It regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum.
What is the significance of pepsin in the stomach?
Pepsin is an enzyme that digests proteins into smaller peptides.
How does bile enter the duodenum?
Through the cystic duct and the common bile duct (CBD).
What structures are supplied by the embryonic hindgut?
Distal one-third of the transverse colon and the remainder of the large intestine up to the upper part of the rectum.
What is the final function of the digestive system?
Defecation.
Which artery supplies the hindgut derivatives?
The inferior mesenteric artery.
What is the main source of blood supply to the GI tract?
Abdominal aorta.
What is peristalsis?
The contraction of smooth muscle fibers that moves food through the digestive tract.
What is the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract?
It is supplied by branches of the celiac trunk and mesenteric arteries.
What is the origin in the CNS for the sympathetic division?
Thoracolumbar (T5 - T9, Celiac ganglion T9 - T10, Lumbar - Interior mesenteric ganglion).
What aspects of the digestive tract should students describe?
The blood supply and nerve innervation to the digestive tract.
What layers make up the structure of the small intestine?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
What is synthesized by the liver that aids in digestion?
Bile salts and bile.
Which artery supplies the spleen?
Splenic artery.
What is the role of the lesser omentum?
It connects the stomach to the liver and supports blood vessels and nerves.
What parts of the GI tract does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
What are the fiber lengths in the sympathetic division?
Short preganglionic and long postganglionic.
What vein is associated with the hindgut?
Inferior Mesenteric Vein (IMV).
What do bile and pancreatic juice contain?
Digestive enzymes for digestion of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Name two accessory organs of the digestive system.
Teeth and tongue.
What is the role of the vagus nerve in the stomach?
It provides parasympathetic stimulation for digestive processes.
What is the function of serotonin in the gastric glands?
Stimulates gastric motility.
What is the general function of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients and minerals from food.
Where does the portal vein drain blood to?
The liver.
What is the microanatomy of the stomach?
It includes gastric pits, mucous cells, parietal cells, and chief cells.
